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Regency Council (Poland)
The Regency Council: Ostrowski, Kakowski, Lubomirski The Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland () was a semi-independent and temporarily appointed highest authority (head of state) in partitioned Poland during World War I. It was formed by Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary within historically Polish lands in September 1917 after dissolution of the previous authority – Provisional Council of State (January – August 1917), due to the oath crisis. The council was supposed to stay in office until the appointment of a new monarch or regent. On 7 October 1918, the Regency Council declared the independence of Poland. That same month, the council took over the command of the '' Polska Siła Zbrojna'' armed forces. History The members of the Regency Council included: Cardinal Aleksander Kakowski, archbishop of Warsaw; Prince Zdzisław Lubomirski, president (mayor) of Warsaw; and landowner Józef Ostrowski, conservative politician, former chairman of the Polish Club in the Du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regency Council
In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined. The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency. A regent or regency council may be formed ''ad hoc'' or in accordance with a constitutional rule. ''Regent'' is sometimes a formal title granted to a monarch's most trusted advisor or personal assistant. If the regent is holding the position due to their being in the line of succession, the compound term ''prince regent'' is often used; if the regent of a minor is their mother, and she is wife or widow of the king, she would be referred to as ''queen regent''. If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a temporary basis, a may be appointed to fill the gap. In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons, but may also be elected to ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duma
A duma () is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term ''boyar duma'' is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were formed across Russia. The first formally constituted state duma was the Imperial State Duma introduced to the Russian Empire by Emperor Nicholas II in 1905. The Emperor retained an absolute veto and could dismiss the State Duma at any time for a suitable reason. Nicholas dismissed the First State Duma (1906) within 75 days; elections for a second Duma took place the following year. The Russian Provisional Government dissolved the last Imperial State Duma (the fourth Duma) in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. Since 1993, the State Duma () has functioned as the lower legislative house of the Russian Federation. Etymology The Russian word is inherited from the Proto-Slavic word '' *duma'' which is of disputed origin. Its origin has many proposed theor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poland In World War I
While Poland did not exist as an independent state during World War I, its geographical position between the fighting powers meant that much fighting and horrific human and material losses occurred on the Polish lands between 1914 and 1918. At the start of World War I, Polish territory was divided between the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian empires, and became the scene of many operations of the Eastern Front of World War I. In the aftermath of the war, following the collapse of the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, Poland became an independent republic. Split of Three Empires The war split the ranks of the three partitioning empires, pitting Russia as defender of Serbia and ally of Britain and France against the leading members of the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary. Conflicting aims of empires This circumstance afforded the Poles political leverage as both sides offered pledges of concessions and future autonomy in exchange for Polish loy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1918 Disestablishments In Poland
The ceasefire that effectively ended the World War I, First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people worldwide. In Russia, this year runs with only 352 days. As the result of Julian to Gregorian calendar switch, 13 days needed to be skipped. Wednesday, January 31 ''(Julian Calendar)'' was immediately followed by Thursday, February 14 ''(Gregorian Calendar)''. Events World War I will be abbreviated as "WWI" January * January – 1918 flu pandemic: The "Spanish flu" (influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas. * January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Russia, Sweden, German Empire, Germany and France. * January 8 – American president Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points as a basis for peace negotiations to end the war. * January 9 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1917 Establishments In Poland
Events Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 9 – WWI – Battle of Rafa: The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's Desert Column. * January 10 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: Seven survivors of the Ross Sea party are rescued after being stranded for several months. * January 11 – Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland (modern-day Lyndhurst, New Jersey), one of the events leading to United States involvement in WWI. * January 16 – The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million (equivalent to $ million in ). * January 22 – WWI: United States President Woodrow Wilson calls for "peace without victory" in Germany. * January 25 – WWI: British armed merchantman is sunk by mines off Lough Swilly (Ireland), with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard. * January 26 – The se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Władysław Wróblewski
Władysław Wróblewski (; 21 March 1875, Kraków – 19 August 1951, Łódź) was a Polish szlachcic, politician, scientist, diplomat and lawyer. He is notable as the last provisional prime minister of the German-controlled puppet state of Regency Kingdom before Poland regained their independence in 1918. Biography Władysław was the son of Wincenty Wróblewski and Waleria (née Bossowska) and brother of lawyer, Stanisław Wróblewski. He was from noble family of Lubicz coat of arms. Wróblewski was a notable lawyer and docent of administration and administrative law at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. On November 4, 1918, after the withdrawal of Józef Świeżyński's provisional government, Wróblewski was chosen by the Regency Council to act as the head of a new temporary provisional government. As the situation in Poland was changing rapidly, Wróblewski chose not to appoint his own ministers and instead continued the job of his predecessor, with the same set of mini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Józef Świeżyński
Józef Świeżyński (; 19 April 1868 – 12 February 1948) was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918), Kingdom of Poland for a short time — from 23 October 1918 to 4 November 1918. Citations 1868 births 1948 deaths People from Opatów County People from Radom Governorate National League (Poland) members National-Democratic Party (Poland) politicians Prime ministers of Poland Members of the 1st State Duma of the Russian Empire Members of the 3rd State Duma of the Russian Empire Members of the 4th State Duma of the Russian Empire People of the Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) Association of the Polish Youth "Zet" members Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta People from Congress Poland {{Poland-politician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Kanty Steczkowski
Jan Kanty Steczkowski (; 16 October 1862, Dąbrowa Tarnowska – 3 September 1929, Kraków) was a Polish economist, solicitor and politician. Steczkowski served as Minister of Finance of Poland in the government of Jan Kucharzewski. On 4 April 1918, the Regency Council set up a government in which he became the Prime Minister. His government only lasted until 23 October. Steczkowski returned to politics in the government of Wincenty Witos (1920–1921), once again leading the Ministry of Finance. Later he was the director of the Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego The National Development Bank (Polish language, Polish: ''Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego'', BGK) is a Polish national development bank with headquarters in Warsaw, is a state-owned bank in Poland, operating under a dedicated bill of law. Its main ta ... (replaced in 1927). References 1862 births 1929 deaths People from Dąbrowa Tarnowska People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Polish Austro-Hungarians ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoni Ponikowski
Antoni Józef Ponikowski (; May 29, 1878 – December 27, 1949) was a Polish academician and politician who served as the 7th Prime Minister of Poland A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only wa ... in 1918 and from 1921 to 1922. References 1878 births 1949 deaths People from Siedlce People from Siedlce Governorate National League (Poland) members National-Democratic Party (Poland) politicians Polish Christian Democratic Party politicians Prime ministers of the Second Polish Republic Government ministers of Poland People of the Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1930–1935) Polish anti-communists Burials at Powązki Cemetery {{Poland-Sejm-politician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Kucharzewski
Jan Kucharzewski (; 27 May 1876 in Wysokie Mazowieckie – 4 July 1952) was a Polish historian, lawyer, and politician. He was the prime minister of Poland from 1917 to 1918. In 1898 he graduated from Warsaw University. He was a member of the '' Zet'' political organization, the National Democrats (Narodowa Demokracja) movement, and the National League (Liga Narodowa) until 1911. In the first years of World War I he resided in Switzerland, where he wrote articles for the Polish cause. In June 1917 he came back to Warsaw and received a job in the administration under the Regency Council. From 26 November 1917 to 27 February 1918 he was the Minister President of the Polish government. He resigned, along with the rest of his government after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. After 1920 he dedicated his life to scholarly and legal work. He was named to the International Court of Arbitration in 1925. In 1940 (World War II) he went into exile in the US, where he published many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I. The Second Republic was taken over in 1939, after it was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Polish government-in-exile was established in Paris and later London after the fall of France in 1940. When, after several regional conflicts, most importantly the victorious Polish-Soviet war, the borders of the state were finalized in 1922, Poland's neighbours were Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Free City of Danzig, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, and the Soviet Union. It had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline known as the Polish Corridor on either side of the city of Gdynia. Between March and August 1939, Poland a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chief Of State (Poland)
The Chief of State (; ) was the title of the head of state of Poland in the early years of the Second Polish Republic. This office was held only by Józef Piłsudski, from 1918 to 1922. Until 1919, the title was called the Provisional Chief of State (). After 1922, the Polish head of state became the President of Poland. The office of Chief of State was created by a Regency Council decree of 22 November 1918, which established a system of governance for Poland pending its revision by a democratically elected ''Sejm'' (parliament). The ''Naczelnik'' exercised the highest civil and military power in the country. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army, with powerful prerogatives in the field of foreign relations. He appointed government ministers, who answered to him, including the Prime Minister. Provisional decrees could be promulgated by the Chief of State with the countersignatures of the Prime Minister and the relevant minister, though any such laws were to be reviewed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
