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Quasi-market
Quasi-markets are markets which can be supervised and organisationally designed that are intended to create greater desire and more efficiency in comparison to conventional delivery systems, while supporting more accessibility, stability and impartiality than traditional markets. Quasi-markets also can be referred to as internal or Planned Market, planned markets.Lewis, Paul. (2017)Quasi-markets: An Overview and Analysis/ref> A market is a form of exchange mechanism of goods and services that is used to align supply and demand commonly by using the act of price adjusting. As such, a market also can be considered a self adjusting financial incentive device that impacts the behaviour of each producers and purchasers so that both parties agree on the terms of an exchange. Quasi-markets are also an exchange system; they aim to comply with the characteristics of competitive markets by attempting to be self-correcting, inducement structures that impact purchasers and producers behaviours. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Planned Market
A planned economy is a type of economic system where Investment (macroeconomics), investment, Production (economics), production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use Central planning, centralized, Decentralized planning (economics), decentralized, Participatory economics, participatory or Soviet-type economic planning, Soviet-type forms of economic planning. The level of centralization or decentralization in decision-making and participation depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed. Socialist states based on the Soviet model have used central planning, although a minority such as the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have adopted some degree of market socialism. Market abolitionist socialism replaces factor markets with direct calculation as the means to coordinate the activities of the various socially-owned economic enterprises that make up the eco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primary Care Trust
Primary care trusts (PCTs) were part of the National Health Service in England from 2001 to 2013. PCTs were largely administrative bodies, responsible for commissioning primary, community and secondary health services from providers. Until 31 May 2011, they also provided community health services directly. Collectively PCTs were responsible for spending around 80 per cent of the total NHS budget. Primary care trusts were abolished on 31 March 2013 as part of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, with their work taken over by clinical commissioning groups. Establishment In 1997 the incoming Labour Government abolished GP Fundholding. In April 1999 they established 481 primary care groups in England "thereby universalising fundholding while repudiating the concept." Primary and community health services were brought together in a single Primary Care Group controlling a unified budget for delivering health care to and improving the health of communities of about 100,000 people. A PC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Other Invisible Hand
''The Other Invisible Hand'' is a non-fiction book written by the economist Julian Le Grand. The primary focus of his book is increasing taxpayer sovereignty by developing a market in the public sector. The title of the book refers to Adam Smith's invisible hand. The invisible hand is the idea that individual choice benefits society more than does a government which assumes that it "can arrange the different members of a great society with as much ease as the hand arranges the different pieces upon a chess-board." Overview Le Grand begins his book by suggesting that there are four models concerning the provision of public goods: trusting professionals, command and control, voice mechanisms and choice. Out of the four, "choice" is the best way to ensure the optimal provision of quality public services. This is because choice, in theory, "creates incentives for providers to deliver what users want". The key focus is on how to make choice work better. This includes "ensurin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tax Choice
In public choice theory, tax choice (sometimes called taxpayer sovereignty, earmarking, or fiscal subsidiarity) is the belief that individual taxpayers should have direct control over how their taxes are spent. Its proponents apply the theory of consumer choice to public finance. They claim taxpayers react positively when they are allowed to allocate portions of their taxes to specific spending. Tax relationship between the state and taxpayers The term tax sovereignty emphasizes the perceived equal status of state and taxpayer, instead of the traditional view of the dominant position of the state in taxation. Tracing back to the legitimacy of the state, Viktoria Raritska points out that “the legitimacy of the state as a formal institution is substantiated by the people’s refusal of their freedoms and an agreement to submit to government in exchange for the protection of their guaranteed rights”. Proponents of tax sovereignty believe that in a traditional system of taxatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public–private Partnership
A public–private partnership (PPP, 3P, or P3) is a long-term arrangement between a government and private sector institutions.Hodge, G. A and Greve, C. (2007), Public–Private Partnerships: An International Performance Review, Public Administration Review, 2007, Vol. 67(3), pp. 545–558 Typically, it involves private capital financing government projects and services up-front, and then drawing revenues from taxpayers and/or users over the course of the PPP contract. Public–private partnerships have been implemented in multiple countries and are primarily used for infrastructure projects. They have been employed for building, equipping, operating and maintaining schools, hospitals, transport systems, and water and sewerage systems. Cooperation between private actors, corporations and governments has existed since the inception of sovereign states, notably for the purpose of tax collection and colonization. However, contemporary "public-private partnerships" came into being ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Public Management
New Public Management (NPM) is an approach to running public service organizations that is used in government and public service institutions and agencies, at both sub-national and national levels. The term was first introduced by academics in the UK and Australia to describe approaches that were developed during the 1980s as part of an effort to make the public service more "businesslike" and to improve its efficiency by using private sector management models. As with the private sector, which focuses on customer service, NPM reforms often focused on the "centrality of citizens who were the recipient of the services or customers to the public sector". NPM reformers experimented with using decentralized service delivery models, to give local agencies more freedom in how they delivered programs or services. In some cases, NPM reforms that used e-government consolidated a program or service to a central location to reduce costs. Some governments tried using quasi-market structures, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Motivation, Agency, And Public Policy
''Motivation, Agency, and Public Policy'' is a non-fiction book written by the economist Julian Le Grand. The book, which argues in favor of increasing tax choice, was described by ''The Economist'' as "accessible – and profound" and by ''The Times'' as "one of the most stimulating books on public policy in recent years". Overview In his book, Le Grand explores ways of increasing the amount of choice and competition in the public sector. This quasi-market would transform citizens from pawns to queens and "improve quality and value for money". Specific policy recommendations include "demogrants" and hypothecation (earmarking). Criticism One criticism is that Le Grand's argument only has limited appeal. "Le Grand’s argument does not speak to libertarians; rejecting the welfare state, they part from him long before he calls on them to cheer for transforming service users into queens. Nor does his argument entice liberal egalitarians." See also * '' Scroogenomics'' * ''The Othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microeconomic Reform
Microeconomic reform (or often just economic reform) comprises policies directed to achieve improvements in economic efficiency, either by eliminating or reducing market distortion, distortions in individual sectors of the economy or by reforming economy-wide policies such as tax policy and competition policy with an emphasis on economic efficiency, rather than other goals such as equity (economics), equity or employment growth. "Economic reform" usually refers to deregulation, or at times to reduction in the size of government, to remove distortions caused by regulations or the presence of government, rather than new or increased regulations or government programs to reduce distortions caused by market failure. As such, these reform policies are in the tradition of laissez faire, emphasizing the distortions caused by government, rather than in ordoliberalism, which emphasizes the need for state regulation to maximize efficiency. Microeconomic reform in Australia Microeconomic ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civic Crowdfunding
Crowdfunding is the practice of funding a project or venture by raising money from a large number of people, typically via the internet. Crowdfunding is a form of crowdsourcing and alternative finance. In 2015, over was raised worldwide by crowdfunding. Although similar concepts can also be executed through mail-order subscriptions, benefit events, and other methods, the term crowdfunding refers to internet-mediated registries. This modern crowdfunding model is generally based on three types of actors – the project initiator who proposes the idea or project to be funded, individuals or groups who support the idea, and a moderating organization (the "platform") that brings the parties together to launch the idea. Crowdfunding has been used to fund a wide range of for-profit, entrepreneurial ventures such as artistic and creative projects, medical expenses, travel, and community-oriented social entrepreneurship projects. Although crowdfunding has been suggested to be highly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cream Skimming
Cream skimming is a pejorative conceptual metaphor used to refer to the perceived business practice of a company providing a product or a service to only the high-value or low-cost customers of that product or service, while disregarding clients that are less profitable for the company. The term derives from the practice of extracting cream from fresh milk at a dairy, in which a separator draws off the cream (which is lighter, and floats) from fresh or raw milk. The cream has now been "skimmed" or captured separately from the fresh milk. The idea behind the concept of cream skimming in business is that the "cream" – high value or low-cost customers, who are more profitable to serve – would be captured by some suppliers (typically by charging less than the previous higher prices, but still making a profit), leaving the more expensive or harder to service customers without the desired product or service at all or "dumping" them on some default provider, who is left with less ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julie Moore
Dame Julie Moore (born 18 August 1958) was the Chief Executive of University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust from 2006 to 2018. She is a Director of the Prince of Wales's Charitable Foundation and the Board of the 2022 Commonwealth Games which will be held in Birmingham. She spent ten years as a nurse in clinical practice before moving into nursing management. She became a director of Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust in 1998. In 2002 she moved to University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation trust as Chief Operating Officer, and was appointed as Chief Executive in 2006. She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2012 New Year Honours and was one of the top ten Chief Executives in the NHS in 2013 according to the Health Service Journal. In 2013, she was awarded an Honorary Chair at Warwick University, and was included in the BBC Radio 4’s Woman’s Hour list of the 100 most powerful women in the UK. In 2015 she was said to be the 31st mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
The University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust provides adult district general hospital services for Birmingham as well as specialist treatments for the West Midlands. The trust operates the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Edgbaston (QEHB), adjacent to its older namesake and connected to it by a footbridge. QEHB began receiving patients at its Emergency Department on 16 June 2010, and replaced Queen Elizabeth Hospital and Selly Oak Hospital. The trust is under the leadership of Interim Chair Harry Reilly and chief executive Professor David Rosser who succeeded retired chief executive Dame Julie Moore on 1 September 2018. On 30 June 2004, the Trust received authorisation to become one of the first NHS Foundation Trusts in England, under the leadership of ex-chief executive Dame Julie Moore, who succeeded Mark Britnell. From 2006 to November 2013 the Chair of the Trust was Sir Albert Bore. Former Home Secretary Jacqui Smith took over as Chair in December 2013. On 1 A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
