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Quantum Cryptography Protocol
Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are used in quantum key distribution. The first protocol of that kind was BB84, introduced in 1984 by Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard. After that, many other protocols have been defined. List of quantum key distribution protocols *BB84 (1984) is a quantum key distribution scheme that allows two parties to securely communicate a private key for use in one-time pad encryption using the quantum property that information gain is only possible at the expense of disturbing the signal if the two states one is trying to distinguish are not orthogonal and an authenticated public classical channel. *E91 protocol (1991) is a quantum cryptography method that uses entangled pairs of photons to generate keys for secure communication, with the ability to detect any attempts at eavesdropping by an external party through the violation of Bell's Theorem and the preservation of perfect correlation between the measurements of the two parties. * BBM92 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Key Distribution
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method which implements a cryptographic protocol involving components of quantum mechanics. It enables two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which can then be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is often incorrectly called quantum cryptography, as it is the best-known example of a quantum cryptographic task. An important and unique property of quantum key distribution is the ability of the two communicating users to detect the presence of any third party trying to gain knowledge of the key. This results from a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics: the process of measuring a quantum system in general disturbs the system. A third party trying to eavesdrop on the key must in some way measure it, thus introducing detectable anomalies. By using quantum superpositions or quantum entanglement and transmitting information in quantum states, a communication system can be implemented that detect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DPS Protocol
DPS may refer to: Schools United States * Dalton Public Schools, the public school district in Dalton, Georgia * Dearborn Public Schools, the public school district in Dearborn, Michigan * Decatur Public Schools District 61, the public school system in Decatur, Illinois * Denver Public Schools, the public school system in Denver, Colorado * Detroit Public Schools, the public school system in Detroit, Michigan * Durham Public Schools, the public school system in Durham, North Carolina. Other countries * Delhi Public School, private schools run by the Delhi Public School Society * Delhi Private School, Dubai, United Arab Emirates * Delhi Private School, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates * Divisional Public School, a school in Lahore and Faisalabad, Pakistan * Dawood Public School, a private school in Karachi, Pakistan Politics and government * Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, a political party in Montenegro * Department of Protection-Security (Département Protection e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HDQKD
High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HDQKD) is a technology for secure communication between two parties. It allows for higher information efficiency than traditional binary quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, which are limited to 1 bit/photon. HDQKD also exhibits higher resilience to noise, enabling lower signal-to-noise ratios and longer transmission distances. Implementation One way to implement HDQKD is by using space division multiplexing technology and encoding quantum information in the spatial dimension, such as with optical angular momentum (OAM) modes. While OAM modes have been demonstrated for HDQKD over free-space links, transmission over long-distance fiber links is challenging due to intermodal crosstalk. An alternative approach is to use multicore fibers (MCFs) with separate cores, which offer a large multiplicity of cores and low crosstalk between cores. However, there are also challenges to implementing HDQKD with MCFs. Manipulating high-dimensional q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KMB09 Protocol
KMB09 protocol (named after Muhammad Mubashir Khan, Michael Murphy and Almut Beige) is an alternative quantum key distribution protocol, where Alice and Bob use two mutually unbiased bases with one of them encoding a ‘0’ and the other one encoding a ‘1’. The security of the scheme is due to a minimum index transmission error rate (ITER) and quantum bit error rate (QBER) introduced by an eavesdropper. The ITER increases significantly for higher-dimensional photon states. This allows for more noise in the transmission line In electrical engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves in a contained manner. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmis ..., thereby increasing the possible distance between Alice and Bob without the need for intermediate nodes.{{Cite journal , doi=10.1088/1367-2630/11/6/063043, title=High error-rate quantum key distribution for l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Three-stage Quantum Cryptography Protocol
The three-stage quantum cryptography protocol, also known as Kak's three-stage protocol is a method of data encryption that uses random polarization rotations by both Alice and Bob, the two authenticated parties, that was proposed by Subhash Kak. In principle, this method can be used for continuous, unbreakable encryption of data if single photons are used. It is different from methods of QKD (quantum key distribution) for it can be used for direct encryption of data, although it could also be used for exchanging keys. The basic idea behind this method is that of sending secrets (or valuables) through an unreliable courier by having both Alice and Bob place their locks on the box containing the secret, which is also called double-lock cryptography. Alice locks the box with the secret in it and it is transported to Bob, who sends it back after affixing his own lock. Alice now removes her lock (after checking that it has not been tampered with) and sends it back to Bob who, similarly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COW Protocol
Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult males are referred to as bulls. Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat (beef or veal, see beef cattle), for milk (see dairy cattle), and for hides, which are used to make leather. They are used as riding animals and draft animals ( oxen or bullocks, which pull carts, plows and other implements). Another product of cattle is their dung, which can be used to create manure or fuel. In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle have significant religious significance. Cattle, mostly small breeds such as the Miniature Zebu, are also kept as pets. Different types of cattle are common to different geographic areas. Taurine cattle are found primarily in Europe and temperate areas of Asia, the Americas, and Australia. Zebus (also call ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SARG04
SARG04 (named after Valerio Scarani, Antonio Acin, Gregoire Ribordy, and Nicolas Gisin) is a 2004 quantum cryptography protocol derived from the first protocol of that kind, BB84. Origin Researchers built SARG04 when they noticed that by using the four states of BB84 with a different information encoding they could develop a new protocol which would be more robust, especially against the photon-number-splitting attack, when attenuated laser pulses are used instead of single-photon sources. SARG04 was defined by Scarani et al. in 2004 in Physical Review Letters as a prepare and measure version (in which it is equivalent to BB84 when viewed at the level of quantum processing). An entanglement-based version has been defined as well. Description In the SARG04 scheme, Alice wishes to send a private key to Bob. She begins with two strings of bits, a and b, each n bits long. She then encodes these two strings as a string of n qubits, , \psi\rangle = \bigotimes_^, \psi_\rangle. a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoy State Protocol
Within quantum cryptography, the Decoy state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is the most widely implemented QKD scheme. Practical QKD systems use multi-photon sources, in contrast to the standard BB84 protocol, making them susceptible to photon number splitting (PNS) attacks. This would significantly limit the secure transmission rate or the maximum channel length in practical QKD systems. In decoy state technique, this fundamental weakness of practical QKD systems is addressed by using multiple intensity levels at the transmitter's source, i.e. qubits are transmitted by Alice using randomly chosen intensity levels (one signal state and several decoy states), resulting in varying photon number statistics throughout the channel. At the end of the transmission Alice announces publicly which intensity level has been used for the transmission of each qubit. A successful PNS attack requires maintaining the bit error rate (BER) at the receiver's end, which can not be accomplished ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Six-state Protocol
The six-state protocol (SSP) is the quantum cryptography protocol that is the version of BB84 that uses a six-state polarization scheme on three orthogonal bases. Origin The six-state protocol first appeared in the article "Optimal Eavesdropping in Quantum Cryptography with Six States" by Dagmar Bruss in 1998, and was further studied in "Incoherent and coherent eavesdropping in the six-state protocol of quantum cryptography" by Pasquinucci and Nicolas Gisin in 1999. Description "The six-state protocol is a discrete-variable protocol for quantum key distribution that permits tolerating a noisier channel than the BB84 protocol." (2011, Abruzzo). SSP produces a higher rate of errors during attempted eavesdropping, thus making it easier to detect errors, as an eavesdropper must choose the right basis from three possible bases (Haitjema, 2016). High dimensional systems have been proven to provide a higher level of security. Implementation Six-state protocol can be implemented w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BB84
BB84 is a quantum key distribution scheme developed by Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard in 1984. It is the first quantum cryptography protocol. The protocol is provably secure, relying on two conditions: (1) the quantum property that information gain is only possible at the expense of disturbing the signal if the two states one is trying to distinguish are not orthogonal (see no-cloning theorem); and (2) the existence of an authenticated public classical channel. It is usually explained as a method of securely communicating a private key from one party to another for use in one-time pad encryption.''Quantum Computing and Quantum Information'', Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang, Cambridge University Press 2000 Description In the BB84 scheme, Alice wishes to send a private key to Bob. She begins with two strings of bits, a and b, each n bits long. She then encodes these two strings as a tensor product of n qubits: :, \psi\rangle = \bigotimes_^, \psi_\rangle, where a_i and b_i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MSZ96
MSZ96 is a quantum key distribution protocol which allows a cryptographic key bit to be encoded using four nonorthogonal quantum states described by non-commuting quadrature phase amplitudes of a weak optical field, without photon polarization (BB84 protocol) or entangled photons (E91 protocol). It is named afet Yi Mu, Jessica Seberry; Yuliang Zheng. See also * List of quantum key distribution protocols Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are used in quantum key distribution. The first protocol of that kind was BB84, introduced in 1984 by Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard. After that, many other protocols have been defined. List of q ... References {{reflist Quantum cryptography ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
B92 Protocol
B9, B IX or B-9 may refer to: Science * Prodelphinidin B9, a plant phenolic compound * Vitamin B9, another name for folic acid * B-Nine WSG, a formulation of the plant growth regulator daminozide * Boron-9 (B-9 or 9B), an isotope of boron * A subclass of B- class stars Transport * B9 (Croatia), a road part of the Istrian Y highway complex * B9 (New York City bus) serving Brooklyn * Bundesstraße 9, a federal highway in Germany * Iran Airtour (IATA code B9) *Air Bangladesh (former IATA code B9) Vehicles * Bavarian B IX, an 1874 German steam locomotive model * Bavarian B IX (Ostbahn), an 1869 German steam locomotive model * Bensen B-9, a 1958 American small helicopter * Boeing B-9 (sometimes referred to as the Y1B-9 or YB-9), a 1931 United States Army Air Corps bomber * , a British Royal Navy B-class submarine * The former model name for the Subaru Tribeca Organizations * The abbreviation used for the record label Bridge Nine * Bucharest Nine (B9), a group of nine NATO members: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
