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Qianlong Emperor
The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, personal name Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He reigned officially from 1735 until his abdication in 1796, but retained ultimate power subsequently until his death in 1799, making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in history as well as one of the longest-lived. The fourth and favourite son of the Yongzheng Emperor, Qianlong ascended the throne in 1735. A highly ambitious military leader, he led Ten Great Campaigns, a series of campaigns into Inner Asia, Burma, Nepal and Vietnam and suppressed rebellions in Jinchuan County, Jinchuan and Taiwan. During his lifetime, he was given the deified title Emperor Manjushri by the Qing's Tibetan subjects. Domestically, Qianlong was a major patron of the arts as well as a prolific writer. He sponsored the compilation of the ''Siku Qu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit Painter)
Giuseppe Castiglione, S.J. ( zh, s=郎世宁, t=郎世寧, p=Láng Shìníng; 19 July 1688 – 17 July 1766), was an Italian Jesuit brother and missionary in China, where he served as an artist at the imperial court of three Qing emperors – the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors. He painted in a style that is a fusion of European and Chinese traditions. Early life Castiglione was born in Milan's San Marcellino district on 19 July 1688. He was educated at home with a private tutor, then a common practice among wealthy families. He also learned to paint under the guidance of a master. In 1707, he entered the Society of Jesus in Genoa aged 19. Although a Jesuit, he was never ordained as a priest, instead joining as a lay brother. Works Paintings In the late 17th century, a number of European Jesuit painters served in the Qing court of the Kangxi Emperor who was interested in employing European Jesuits trained in various fields, including painting. In the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prince Yongrong
Yongrong (28 January 1744 – 13 June 1790) was a Manchu prince and calligrapher of the Qing dynasty in China. He was born in the Aisin Gioro clan as the sixth son of the Qianlong Emperor; his mother was Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui. Biography In 1759, he was adopted into the lineage of his granduncle Yunxi (允禧; 1711–1758) as Yunxi's grandson, because Yunxi had no son to inherit his Prince Shen peerage. Yongrong was made a ''beile'' in the same year. In 1772, he was promoted to ''junwang'' (second-rank prince) as "Prince Zhi of the Second Rank" (質郡王). In 1789, he was further promoted to ''qinwang'' (first-rank prince), as "Prince Zhi of the First Rank" (質親王). He died in 1790 and was posthumously honoured as "Prince Zhizhuang of the First Rank" (質莊親王). He was succeeded by his fifth son, Mianqing. Artist Yongrong is best known for his work as a general editor of the '' Siku Quanshu'', and for his calligraphy in the manuscript '' Twenty-One ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temple Name
Temple names are posthumous titles accorded to monarchs of the Sinosphere for the purpose of ancestor worship. The practice of honoring monarchs with temple names began during the Shang dynasty in China and had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes in the Sinosphere, with the notable exception of Japan. Temple names should not be confused with era names (年號), regnal names (尊號) or posthumous names (謚號). Modern academia usually refers to the following rulers by their temple names: Chinese monarchs from the Tang to the Yuan dynasties, Korean rulers of the Goryeo (until AD 1274) and Joseon dynasties, and Vietnamese rulers of the Lý, Trần, and Later Lê dynasties (with the Hồ and Later Trần dynasties as exceptions). Numerous individuals who did not rule as monarch during their lifetime were posthumously elevated to the position of monarch by their descendants and honored with temple names. For example, Cao Cao was posthumously honored as an empe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seal (East Asia)
In the Sinosphere, seals (Seal (emblem), stamps) can be applied on objects to establish personal identification. They are commonly applied on items such as personal documents, office paperwork, contracts, and art. They are used similarly to signatures in the West. Unlike in the West, where Seal (emblem), wax seals are common, Sinosphere seals are used with ink. Of Chinese origin, the process soon spread beyond China and across East and Southeast Asia. Various countries in these regions currently use a mixture of seals and hand signatures, and, increasingly, electronic signatures. Chinese seals are typically made of Rock (geology), stone, sometimes of metals, wood, bamboo, plastic, or ivory, and are typically used with red ink or cinnabar paste ( zh, c=朱砂, p=zhūshā). The word 印 ("yìn" in Mandarin, "in" in Japanese and Korean, "ấn" and "in" in Vietnamese) specifically refers to the imprint created by the seal, as well as appearing in combination with other morphemes i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century Before the Common Era, BCE. It is the Major religious groups, world's fourth-largest religion, with about 500 million followers, known as Buddhists, who comprise four percent of the global population. It arose in the eastern Gangetic plain as a movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to Western world, the West in the 20th century. According to tradition, the Buddha instructed his followers in a path of bhavana, development which leads to Enlightenment in Buddhism, awakening and moksha, full liberation from ''Duḥkha, dukkha'' (). He regarded this path as a Middle Way between extremes su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Empress Xiaoshengxian
Empress Xiaoshengxian (12 January 1692 – 2 March 1777), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Niohuru clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the consort of Yinzhen, the Yongzheng Emperor and mother of Hongli, the Qianlong Emperor. She was honoured as Empress Dowager Chongqing during the reign of her son and posthumously honoured as empress, although she never held the rank of empress consort during her lifetime. When the empress seat was vacant after Empress Xiaojingxian of the Ulanara clan's death, she was placed in charge of the imperial harem as the highest ranked concubine in that time. The Qianlong Emperor held her in high regard and often consulted her for advice. She died in 1777 and outlived many of her son's consorts. Life Family background Empress Xiaoshengxian's personal name was unknown and not recorded in history. She was born to the upper class Niohuru clan in Beijing. * Father: Lingzhu (; 1664–1754), served as a fourth rank military official (), and held ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qing
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China. At its height of power, the empire stretched from the Sea of Japan in the east to the Pamir Mountains in the west, and from the Mongolian Plateau in the north to the South China Sea in the south. Originally emerging from the Later Jin (1616–1636), Later Jin dynasty founded in 1616 and proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636, the dynasty seized control of the Ming capital Beijing and North China in 1644, traditionally considered the start of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty lasted until the Xinhai Revolution of October 1911 led to the abdication of the last emperor in February 1912. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty Legacy of the Qing dynasty, assembled the territoria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aisin-Gioro
The House of Aisin-Gioro is a Manchu clan that ruled the Later Jin dynasty (1616–1636), the Qing dynasty (1636–1912), and Manchukuo (1932–1945) in the history of China. Under the Ming dynasty, members of the Aisin Gioro clan served as chiefs of the Jianzhou Jurchens, one of the three major Jurchen tribes at this time. Qing bannermen passed through the gates of the Great Wall in 1644, and eventually conquered the short-lived Shun dynasty, Xi dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty. After gaining total control of China proper, the Qing dynasty later expanded into other adjacent regions, including Xinjiang, Tibet, Outer Mongolia, and Taiwan. The dynasty reached its zenith during the High Qing era and under the Qianlong Emperor, who reigned from 1735 to 1796. This reign was followed by a century of gradual decline. The house lost power in 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution. Puyi, the last Aisin-Gioro emperor, nominally maintained his imperial title in the Forbidden City until t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princess Hexiao
Princess Hexiao of the First Rank (2 February 1775 – 13 October 1823) was a Manchu princess of the Qing dynasty. She was the tenth and youngest daughter of the Qianlong Emperor. Her mother was Consort Dun. Birth and childhood The future Princess Hexiao was born in 1775 when the Qianlong Emperor was already 63 years old. At the time of her birth, nearly all of the Qianlong's other daughters had either died or married and left the palace. Qianlong was thus overjoyed when he heard news of the birth of another daughter. The Princess was deeply favoured by her father from birth. Throughout her childhood, ministers and courtiers remarked that the Tenth Princess—as she was commonly referred to—resembled her father in appearance. She was said to be resolute in character, and frequently accompanied the Qianlong Emperor on hunting excursions. Going against tradition, the Qianlong Emperor elevated his tenth daughter from the status of a "Princess of the Second Rank" (usually ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prince Yonglin
Yonglin (17 June 1766 – 25 April 1820), formally known as Prince Qing, was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty in China. Life Yonglin was born in the Aisin-Gioro clan as the 17th and youngest son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother, Empress Xiaoyichun, also bore the Qianlong Emperor's 15th son, Yongyan (the Jiaqing Emperor); Yonglin and the Jiaqing Emperor were thus full brothers. In 1775, his birth mother died of illness. He was raised by Noble Consort Ying in Jingren Palace. In 1789, Yonglin was granted the title of a ''beile''. He was promoted to ''junwang'' (second-rank prince) in 1799 under the title "Prince Hui of the Second Rank" (惠郡王), but was later renamed to "Prince Qing of the Second Rank" (慶郡王). The Jiaqing Emperor gave him Heshen's former residence as his personal mansion. In 1820, Yonglin was promoted to ''qinwang'' (first-rank prince), hence he was known as "Prince Qing of the First Rank" (慶親王). He died in the same year and was bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princess Heke
Princess Heke of the Second Rank (和碩和恪公主; 17 August 1758 – 14 December 1780) was a Chinese princess of the second of the Qing dynasty,and the 9th daughter and 22nd child of Qianlong Emperor and the 2nd daughter and 3rd child of her mother, Empress Xiaoyichun.Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. . Early years Princess Heke was born on 17 August 1758 in the Forbidden City Beijing was born as the 9th daughter and 20th child of her father Qianlong Emperor and to the then Consort Ling,and later, posthumously Empress Xiaoyichun , but was raised by Her foster mother was Consort Shu of the Yehe-Nara clan. Marriage and Imperial Favor Princess Heke married Jalantai (扎兰泰) of the Uya clan in 1771,when she was 14 and had one daughter who married Rinchen Dorji (林沁多尔济). It seems that the Qianlong Emperor did not favor Princess Heke very mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Princess Hejing (born 1756)
Princess Hejing of the First Rank (固倫和靜公主; 10 August 1756 – 9 February 1775), was a princess of the First Rank of the Qing dynasty.Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. .A member of royal family of Qing Dynasty, she was the 1st daughter and 1st child of her mother, the then Consort Ling and later, posthumously Empress Xiaoyichun, and was the 7th daughter and 20th child of her father Qianlong Emperor. Early years Princess Hejing was the Qianlong Emperor's 7th daughter. Her mother was Consort Ling, posthumously Empress Xiaoyichun. She was born in the Hall of Five Fortunes, inside the Old Summer Palace. She temporarily resided in the Xichun Garden because her manor had not been completely finished. Her residence used to be the mansion of the minister Gao Heng, a brother of the Imperial Noble Consort Huixian. Marriage and Title In 1761, when the E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
