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Principality Of Catalonia
The Principality of Catalonia (; ; ; ) was a Middle Ages, medieval and early modern state (polity), state in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. During most of its history it was in dynastic union with the Kingdom of Aragon, constituting together the Crown of Aragon. Between the 13th and the 18th centuries, it was bordered by the Kingdom of Aragon to the west, the Kingdom of Valencia to the south, the Kingdom of France to the north and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The term Principality of Catalonia was official until the 1830s, when the Spanish government implemented the centralized provincial division, but remained in popular and informal contexts. Today, the term ''Principat'' (Principality) is used primarily to refer to the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain, as distinct from the other Catalan Countries, and often including the historical region of Roussillon in Southern France. The first reference to Catalonia and the Catalans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. Population decline, counterurbanisation, the collapse of centralised authority, invasions, and mass migrations of tribes, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empireâ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mudéjar
Mudéjar were Muslims who remained in Iberia in the late medieval period following the Christian reconquest. It is also a term for Mudéjar art, which was greatly influenced by Islamic art, but produced typically by Christian craftsmen for Christian patrons. ''Mudéjar'' was used in contrast to both Muslims in Muslim-ruled areas (for example, Muslims of Granada before 1492) and Moriscos, who were often forcibly converted and may or may not have continued to secretly practice Islam. The corresponding term for Christians living under Muslim rule is Mozarabs. Starting from the eleventh century, when larger regions previously under Muslim control fell to Christian kingdoms, treaties were established with the remaining Muslim population which defined their status as Mudejar. Their status, modelled after the dhimmi, established a parallel society with its own religious, legal, administrative and fiscal autonomy and institutions, while being subject to their Christian kings and l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josep De Vilamala
Josep is a Catalan masculine given name equivalent to Joseph (Spanish ''JosĂ©''). People named Josep include: * Josep BargallĂł (born 1958), Catalan philologist and former politician * Josep BartolĂ (1910-1995), Catalan painter, cartoonist and writer ** Josep (film), 2020 biopic film by Aurel detailing the life of BartolĂ * Josep Borrell (born 1947), Spanish politician * Josep MarĂa Comadevall (born 1983), Spanish footballer commonly known as Pitu * Josep or JosĂ© Carreras (born 1946), Catalan tenor opera singer * Josep Comas i SolĂ (1868-1937), Spanish Catalan astronomer * Josep Figueras (born 1959), Catalan health policy expert * Josep Gombau (born 1976), Spanish football manager * Josep "Pep" Guardiola (born 1971), Catalan football manager and former player * Josep Llorens (1931–2025), Spanish writer * Josep Llorens i Artigas (1892–1980), Spanish ceramic artist * Josep Maria Margall (born 1955), Spanish retired basketball player * JosĂ© MarĂn (racewalker) (born 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berenguer De CruĂŻlles
Berengar is a masculine name derived from Germanic roots meaning "bear" and "spear". The name appears frequently among certain noble families during the Middle Ages, especially the Unruochings and those related. Bérenger is the French form, while Berengario is the Italian form, Berenguer is the Catalan form, and Berenguier or Berengier is the Occitan form. The Latin form is ''Berengarius'' and the female equivalent is '' Berengaria''. Other forms of the name include Berenger, Bérenger, Bérangier, or Beringer. Personal name * Berengar of Toulouse, Frankish nobleman (fl. ninth century) * Berengar I of Neustria, Frankish nobleman (fl. ninth century) * Berengar II of Neustria, Frankish nobleman (d. 896) * Berengar I of Italy, King of Italy (c. 845–924) * Berengar II of Italy, King of Italy (c. 900–966) * Judicael Berengar, Breton nobleman (fl. tenth century) * Berengar of Tours, theologian (c. 999–1088) * Berengar (bishop of Venosa) (fl. eleventh century) * Berengar of Poit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Count Of Barcelona
The count of Barcelona (, , , ) was the ruler of the County of Barcelona and also, by extension and according with the Usages of Barcelona, Usages and Catalan constitutions, of the Principality of Catalonia as Prince#Prince as generic for ruler, prince for much of History of Catalonia, Catalan history, from the 9th century until the 18th century. After 1164, with Alfonso II of Aragon, Alfonso II of Aragon and I of Barcelona, the title of count of Barcelona was united with that of king of Aragon, and after the 16th century, with that of king of Spain. History The Emperor Charlemagne conquered the area north of the river Ebro and Siege of Barcelona (801), captured the city of Barcelona in 801. He then organized these lands, historiographically known as the ''Marca Hispanica'', into various counties, one of which was the County of Barcelona, with the city of Barcelona as its capital. The Count of Barcelona, usually holding other counties simultaneously, eventually obtained primacy ov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI (; ; 1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy from 1711 until his death, succeeding his elder brother, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph I. He unsuccessfully War of the Spanish Succession, claimed the throne of Spain following the death of his relative, Charles II of Spain, Charles II. In 1708, he married Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, by whom he had his four children: Archduke Leopold Johann of Austria, Leopold Johann (who died in infancy), Maria Theresa, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (governor), Maria Anna (Governess of the Austrian Netherlands), and Maria Amalia (who also died in infancy). Four years before the birth of Maria Theresa, faced with his lack of male heirs, Charles provided for a male-line succession failure with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. The Emperor favoured his own daughters over those of his elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, in the succession, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfonso II Of Aragon
Alfonso II (1–25 March 1157Benito Vicente de CuĂ©llar (1995)«Los "condes-reyes" de Barcelona y la "adquisiciĂłn" del reino de AragĂłn por la dinastĂa bellĂłnida» p. 630-631; in ''HidalguĂa''. XLIII (252) pp. 619–632."Alfonso II el Casto, hijo de Petronila y RamĂłn Berenguer IV, naciĂł en Huesca en 1157;". ''Cfr''. Josefina Mateu Ibars, MarĂa Dolores Mateu Ibars (1980)''Colectánea paleográfica de la Corona de Aragon: Siglo IX-XVIII'' Universitat Barcelona, p. 546. , .Antonio Ubieto Arteta (1987)''Historia de AragĂłn. CreaciĂłn y desarrollo de la Corona de AragĂłn'' Zaragoza: AnĂşbarpp. 177–184§ "El nacimiento y nombre de Alfonso II de AragĂłn". . – 25 April 1196), called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and, as Alfons I, the Count of Barcelona from 1164 until his death. The eldest son of Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona and Queen Petronilla of Aragon, he was the first King of Aragon who was also Count of Barcelona. He was also Count of Prov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catalan Peseta
The Catalan peseta (in Catalan language, Catalan: ''peceta''; pl. ''pecetes'') was a unit of currency in Catalonia until 1850, when the whole of Spain decimalized. It was also a name used throughout Spain for an amount of four Spanish real, reales de vellĂłn. It was coined in Barcelona in gold and silver from 1808 until 1814, under the Napoleonic government. In Catalonia, the peseta was subdivided into six Sou (French coin), sous, each of four ''quarts'' (also spelled ''cuartos'' in Spanish), eight ''ochavos'' or twelve Spanish dinero, dineros. Five pesetas were equal to one Duro (monetary unit), duro, which was itself equal to the Spanish eight ''Spanish real, reales de plata fuerte'' (Spanish dollar). In the new, decimal currency, the peseta was worth four reales. The name Spanish peseta, peseta reappeared in 1868 for the new Spanish peseta, Spanish currency. Its value was equivalent to that of the earlier peseta. Etymology The name of the currency comes from the Catalan diminu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florin (Aragonese Coin)
The Florin was an Aragonese gold coin first minted in 1346 by order of king Don Peter IV in imitation of the original gold coin from Florence, Italy. It had a weight of 3.35 g. and showed St. John the Baptist on one side and a fleur de lis on the other. Aragonese florins were minted in Perpignan, Barcelona, Girona (Principality of Catalonia), Valencia and Majorca Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest of the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain, and the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, seventh largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. The capital of the island, Palma, Majorca, Palma, i ... but never in the Kingdom of Aragon. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Florin Aragon Coins of Spain ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ducat
The ducat ( ) coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages to the 19th century. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wide international acceptance over the centuries. Similarly named silver ducatons also existed. The gold ducat circulated along with the Florentine florin and preceded the modern British pound sterling. Predecessors The word ''ducat'' is from Medieval Latin ''ducalis'' = "relating to a duke (or dukedom)", and initially meant "duke's coin" or a "duchy's coin". The first issue of scyphate billon coins modelled on Byzantine ''trachea'' was made by King Roger II of Sicily as part of the Assizes of Ariano (1140). It was to be a valid issue for the whole kingdom. The first issue bears the figure of Christ and the Latin inscription ''Sit tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu regis iste ducatus'' (meaning "O Christ, let this duchy, which you rule, be dedi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Croat (coin)
The was a silver coin of Catalonia introduced by the king Peter III in 1285 and minted at Barcelona, Perpignan and Tortosa. The term "croat" derives from the Latin ''grossus denarius'', great coin, a common term for silver coins of higher value than pennies. Peter III was inspired by the '' gros'' introduced by Louis IX of France. The was originally worth twelve ''terns'' of 25% silver billon. In 1340 the gold '' florĂn'' was introduced at a value of eleven . The purity of the ''florĂn'' was fixed at eighteen carats (75% gold) in 1365. As the popularity of the ''florĂn'' and the grew, the Aragonese empire settled into bimetallism Bimetallism, also known as the bimetallic standard, is a monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent to certain quantities of two metals, typically gold and silver, creating a fixed Exchange rate, rate of .... The Catalan was equivalent in value to the Aragonese '' ral'' (which went by many names: ''g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest Islamic schools and branches, branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any Succession to Muhammad, successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr () rightfully succeeded him as the caliph of the Muslim community, being appointed at the meeting of Saqifa. This contrasts with the Succession of ʿAlī (Shia Islam), Shia view, which holds that Muhammad appointed Ali, Ali ibn Abi Talib () as his successor. Nevertheless, Sunnis revere Ali, along with Abu Bakr, Umar () and Uthman () as 'Rashidun, rightly-guided caliphs'. The term means those who observe the , the practices of Muhammad. The Quran, together with hadith (especially the Six Books) and (scholarly consensus), form the basis of all Fiqh, traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. Sharia legal rulings are derived from these basic sources, in conjunction with Istislah, consideration of Maslaha, public welfare and Istihsan, jur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
