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Polybia Rejecta
''Polybia rejecta'' is a species of social wasp found in the Neotropics region of the world. It was discovered by Fabricius in South America in the 1790s. The wasp is associated with many other organisms, particularly specific species of ants and birds such as the '' Azteca'' ants and the cacique birds. This association is most beneficial to the ants and birds because of the aggressive protective nature of the wasp. The wasps will protect their nest even if it means death against any predator that approaches it and therefore this means that the association also protects the ants and birds. Additionally, the wasp is known for eating the eggs of red eyed tree frogs as a main way of subsistence. It also, like many other wasp species, has a caste system of queens and workers that is evident by difference in body size among the wasps; the biggest female becomes the queen. Taxonomy and phylogeny ''Polybia rejecta'' is a social wasp in the genus '' Polybia'', which is composed of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johan Christian Fabricius
Johan Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is considered one of the most important entomologists of the 18th century, having named nearly 10,000 species of animals, and established the basis for the modern insect classification. Biography Johan Christian Fabricius was born on 7 January 1745 at Tønder in the Duchy of Schleswig, where his father was a doctor. He studied at the gymnasium at Altona and entered the University of Copenhagen in 1762. Later the same year he travelled together with his friend and relative Johan Zoëga to Uppsala, where he studied under Carl Linnaeus for two years. On his return, he started work on his , which was finally published in 1775. Throughout this time, he remained dependent on subsidies from his father, who worked as a consultant at Frederiks Hospita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colony (biology)
In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another. This association is usually for mutual benefit such as stronger defense or the ability to attack bigger prey. Colonies can form in various shapes and ways depending on the organism involved. For instance, the bacterial colony is a cluster of identical cells (clones). These colonies often form and grow on the surface of (or within) a solid medium, usually derived from a single parent cell. Colonies, in the context of development, may be composed of two or more unitary (or solitary) organisms or be modular organisms. Unitary organisms have determinate development (set life stages) from zygote to adult form and individuals or groups of individuals (colonies) are visually distinct. Modular organisms have indeterminate growth forms (life stages not set) through repeated iteration of genetically identical modules (or individuals), and it can be diffic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arboreal
Arboreal locomotion is the Animal locomotion, locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose numerous mechanical challenges to animals moving through them and lead to a variety of anatomical, behavioral and ecological consequences as well as variations throughout different species.Cartmill, M. (1985). Climbing. In ''Functional Vertebrate Morphology'', eds. M. Hildebrand D. M. Bramble K. F. Liem and D. B. Wake, pp. 73–88. Cambridge: Belknap Press. Furthermore, many of these same principles may be applied to climbing without trees, such as on rock piles or mountains. Some animals are exclusively arboreal in habitat, such as the tree snail. Biomechanics Arboreal habitats pose numerous mechanical challenges to animals moving in them, which have been solved in diverse ways. These challenges include moving on n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polybia Liliacea
''Polybia'' is a genus of eusocial wasps ranging from Central to South America (Mexico to Brazil, Argentina). Some produce enough honey to be collected and eaten by local people. Species *''Rutilotrixa lateralis'' (Walker, 1849) *'' Rutilotrixa diversa'' ( Paramonov, 1954) *'' Polybia aequatorialis'' Zavattari, 1906 *'' Polybia affinis'' Buysson, 1908 *'' Polybia anglica'' Cockerell, 1921 *'' Polybia barbouri'' Bequard, 1943 *''Polybia batesi'' Richards, 1978 *'' Polybia belemensis'' Richards, 1970 *'' Polybia bicytarella'' Richards, 1951 *'' Polybia bifasciata'' Saussure, 1854 *''Polybia bistriata'' ( Fabricius, 1804) *''Polybia brunnea'' (Curtis, 1844) *''Polybia brunneiceps'' Cameron, 1912 *''Polybia catillifex'' Moebius, 1856 *''Polybia chrysothorax'' (Lichtenstein) *''Polybia depressa'' (Ducke, 1905) *''Polybia diguetana'' Buysson, 1905 *''Polybia dimidiata'' (Olivier, 1791) *'' Polybia dimorpha'' Richards, 1978 *'' Polybia divisoria'' Richards, 1978 *'' Polybia eberhardae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oocytes
An oocyte (, ), oöcyte, or ovocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. In other words, it is an immature ovum, or egg cell. An oocyte is produced in a female fetus in the ovary during female gametogenesis. The female germ cells produce a primordial germ cell (PGC), which then undergoes mitosis, forming oogonia. During oogenesis, the oogonia become primary oocytes. An oocyte is a form of genetic material that can be collected for cryoconservation. Formation The formation of an oocyte is called oocytogenesis, which is a part of oogenesis. Oogenesis results in the formation of both primary oocytes during fetal period, and of secondary oocytes after it as part of ovulation. Characteristics Cytoplasm Oocytes are rich in cytoplasm, which contains yolk granules to nourish the cell early in development. Nucleus During the primary oocyte stage of oogenesis, the nucleus is called a germinal vesicle. The only normal human type of secondary oocyte has the 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovariole
An ovariole is a tubular component of the insect ovary, and the basic unit of egg production. Each ovariole is composed of a germarium (the germline stem cell niche) at the anterior tip, a set of developing oocytes contained within follicles, and a posterior connection to a common oviduct. While most insects have two ovaries, the number of ovarioles within each ovary varies across insect species. This number may also be variable across individuals within a species, or between the left and right ovaries within an individual. Types Ovarioles are often classified into one of several types by the presence and position of nurse cells. These specialized cells provide nutrition and molecules important for embryonic patterning to the developing oocyte. Ovarioles that lack nurse cells are referred to as ''panoistic'' and ovarioles with nurse cells are referred to as ''meroistic''. Meroistic ovarioles are further classified according to where nurse cells are located. In ''polytrophic m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filamentous
The word filament, which is descended from Latin ''filum'' meaning " thread", is used in English for a variety of thread-like structures, including: Astronomy * Galaxy filament, the largest known cosmic structures in the universe * Solar filament, a solar prominence seen against the disc of the sun Biology * Myofilament, filaments of myofibrils constructed from proteins * Protein filament, a long chain of protein subunits, such as those found in hair or muscle * Part of a stamen, the male part of a flower * Hypha, a thread-like cell in fungi and Actinobacteria * Filamentation, an elongation of individual bacterial cells Textiles * Fiber, natural or manmade substances significantly longer than they are wide * Yarn (more loosely) * Filament fiber, fiber that comes in a continuous long length Media * ''Filament'' (magazine), a female-oriented erotica magazine * 2002 movie by Jinsei Tsuji * Filament (band), a musical group from Japan * Filament Games, a Wisconsin-based educational ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polybia Sericea
''Polybia sericea'' is a Eusociality#In insects, social, tropical wasp of the family (biology), family Vespidae that can be found in South America. It founds its colonies by swarming migrations, and feeds on nectar and arthropods. ''P. sericea'' is medium in size, and has a dark-colored body. The wasps build multitiered nests, and colony size can vary greatly between a few to a few thousand workers. Queens can be distinguished from workers by their greater body size and smaller head size. They tend to be Polygyny in nature, polygynous, meaning that several egg-laying queens are within a nest, with the result that workers are generally less related to each other than in other eusocial species. Workers are responsible for hunting and foraging, while queens are responsible for laying eggs, and have the most developed ovary, ovaries. When hunting for prey, workers rely heavily on visual and insect olfaction, olfactory cues. Prey include arthropods such as green and brown caterpillar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovarian
The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. The ovaries also secrete hormones that play a role in the menstrual cycle and fertility. The ovary progresses through many stages beginning in the prenatal period through menopause. It is also an endocrine gland because of the various hormones that it secretes. Structure The ovaries are considered the female gonads. Each ovary is whitish in color and located alongside the lateral wall of the uterus in a region called the ovarian fossa. The ovarian fossa is the region that is bounded by the external iliac artery and in front of the ureter and the internal iliac artery. This area is about 4 cm x 3 cm x 2 cm in size.Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of Obstetrics, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1-16. . The ovarie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilks's Lambda Distribution
In statistics, Wilks' lambda distribution (named for Samuel S. Wilks), is a probability distribution used in multivariate hypothesis testing, especially with regard to the likelihood-ratio test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Definition Wilks' lambda distribution is defined from two independent Wishart distributed variables as the ratio distribution of their determinants, given :\mathbf \sim W_p(\Sigma, m) \qquad \mathbf \sim W_p(\Sigma, n) independent and with m \ge p :\lambda = \frac = \frac \sim \Lambda(p,m,n) where ''p'' is the number of dimensions. In the context of likelihood-ratio tests ''m'' is typically the error degrees of freedom, and ''n'' is the hypothesis degrees of freedom, so that n+m is the total degrees of freedom. Approximations Computations or tables of the Wilks' distribution for higher dimensions are not readily available and one usually resorts to approximations. One approximation is attributed to M. S. Bartlett and works for la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
