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Progressive Republican Party (Turkey)
The Progressive Republican Party () was a political party in Turkey between 1924 and 1925.Myron E. Weiner, Ergun Özbudun (1987) ''Competitive Elections in Developing Countries'', Duke University Press, p337 It was established by Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) Pasha, Kâzım Karabekir, Refet (Bele) Pasha, Rauf (Orbay) Bey and Adnan (Adıvar) Bey on 17 November 1924. The party was banned on 5 June 1925 after the Sheikh Said rebellion. Background Nearly one year before Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of Lausanne in the summer of 1924, the Ottoman sultanate was abolished and the Turkish state was formally declared a republic, marking the end of six centuries of imperial rule. After the peace treaty was signed, Istanbul was relinquished to the ruling Turkish nationalists as the occupying armies withdrew at the close of the Turkish War of Independence. However, the domestic political conflict was not yet resolved and some established members of the Turkish National Movement including A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kâzım Karabekir
Musa Kâzım Karabekir (also Kazim or Kiazim in English; 1882 – 26 January 1948) was a Turkish people, Turkish general and politician. He was the commander of the Eastern Front (Turkey), Eastern Army of the Ottoman Empire during the Turkish War of Independence, and fought a successful military campaign against the First Republic of Armenia, Armenian Democratic Republic. He was the a founder and leader of the Progressive Republican Party (Turkey), Progressive Republican Party, the Turkey, Turkish Republic's first opposition party to Atatürk, though he and his party would be purged following the Sheikh Said revolt. He was rehabilitated with İsmet İnönü's ascension to the presidency in 1938 and served as List of Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey, Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey before his death. Early life Karabekir was born in 1882 as the son of an Ottoman general, Mehmet Emin Pasha, in the Kocamustafapaşa quarter of the Kuleli neighborhood of Istanbul, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkish Nationalism
Turkish nationalism () is nationalism among the people of Turkey and individuals whose national identity is Turkish. Turkish nationalism consists of political and social movements and sentiments prompted by a love for Turkish culture, Turkish language and history, and a sense of pride in Turkey and Turkish people. While national consciousness in Turkish nation can be traced back centuries, nationalism has been a predominant determinant of Turkish attitudes mainly since the 20th century. Modern Turkish nationalism rose during the Tanzimat era. It also has a complicated relationship with Muslim identity, Pan-Turkism, and Turanism. History After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk came to power. He introduced a language reform with the aim to "cleanse" the Turkish language of foreign (mostly Arabic and Persian) influence. He also promoted the Turkish History Thesis in Turkish political and educational circles from 1930s. Turkish researchers at the tim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
İsmet İnönü
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish politician and military officer who served as the second List of Presidents of Turkey, president of Turkey from 1938 to 1950, and as its Prime Minister of Turkey, prime minister three times: from 1923 to 1924, 1925 to 1937, and 1961 to 1965. İnönü is acknowledged by many as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's right-hand man, with their friendship going back to the Caucasus campaign. In the Turkish War of Independence, Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, he served as the first Chief of the Turkish General Staff, chief of the General Staff from 1922 to 1924 for the Turkish Land Forces, regular Turkish army, during which he commanded forces during the First Battle of İnönü, First and Second Battle of İnönü, Second Battles of İnönü, Eskişehir, İnönü. Atatürk bestowed İsmet with the surname İnönü, the site of the battles, when the 1934 Surname Law was adopted. He was also chief negotiator in the Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Independence Tribunal
An Independence Tribunal (, plural ''İstiklâl Mahkemeleri'') was a court invested with superior authority and the first were established in 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence in order to prosecute those who were against the system of the government. Eight such courts were established. They were located in Ankara, Eskişehir, Konya, Isparta, Sivas, Kastamonu, Pozantı, and Diyarbakır. All but the Ankara court were terminated in 1921. After the law authorizing the Independence Courts was passed, the former commander of Turkish Armed Forces, General İsmet İnönü Mustafa İsmet İnönü (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish politician and military officer who served as the second List of Presidents of Turkey, president of Turkey from 1938 to 1950, and as its Prime Minister of Turkey, pr ..., proposed founding 14 Independence Courts. Only 7 courts were established, as it was felt that there would not be enough cases to justify fourteen courts. One ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
İzmir
İzmir is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, third most populous city in Turkey, after Istanbul and Ankara. It is on the Aegean Sea, Aegean coast of Anatolia, and is the capital of İzmir Province. In 2024, the city of İzmir had a population of 2,938,292 (in eleven urban districts), while İzmir Province had a total population of 4,493,242. Its built-up (or metro) area was home to 3,264,154 inhabitants. It extends along the outlying waters of the Gulf of İzmir and inland to the north across the Gediz River Delta; to the east along an alluvial plain created by several small streams; and to slightly more rugged terrain in the south. İzmir has more than 3,000 years of recorded history, recorded urban history, and Yeşilova Höyük, up to 8,500 years of history as a human settlement since the Neolithic period. In classical antiquity, the city was known as Smyrna – a name which remained in use in English and various other languages until around 1930, when governmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bekir Sami Kunduh
Bekir Sami Bey (known as Bekir Sami Kunduh in modern Turkish sources; ; 1867 – 16 January 1933) was a Turkish politician of Ossetian origin. He served as the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey during 1920–1921. Biography Early career Bekir Sami was born in Saniba, Ossetia. He was a son of Musa Kunduh Pasha (Musa Kundukhov; (1818–1889)), a Tagaur Ossetian chieftain and major-general in the Russian Imperial Army, who then defected to the Ottoman Empire. He earned his Baccalaureate from Galatasaray High School and went to Paris to study political science. He worked at the Turkish embassy at St. Petersburg and then was appointed as Mutasarrıf of Amasya. Later in his career he served successively as governor of Van, Trabzon, Bursa, Beirut and Aleppo. His last appointment before the 30 October 1918 Armistice of Mudros that ended the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies was as governor of Beirut. Post-World War I Shortly after the armistice, Bekir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rüştü Pasha
Rüştü Pasha or Rushdi Pasha (, 1872 – July 13, 1926) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army. He became a leader of the Progressive Republican Party, being a member of its Central Administrative Committee. He was hanged for his involvement in the İzmir assassination attempt against Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) in 1926. Medals and decorations * Order of the Medjidieh 5th and 3rd Class *Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire) *Silver Medal of Liyaqat *Silver Medal of Imtiyaz *Gold Medal of Liyaqat *Prussia Order of the Crown (Prussia) * Medal of Independence with Red Ribbon See also *List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence This list includes high-ranking commanders who took part in the Turkish War of Independence: See also * Turkish State Cemetery#Burials * List of recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey) Footnotes References ... Sources External links {{DEFAULTSORT:Pasha, Rus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ismail Canbulat
In the biblical Book of Genesis, Ishmael (; ; ; ) is the first son of Abraham. His mother was Hagar, the handmaiden of Abraham's wife Sarah. He died at the age of 137. Traditionally, he is seen as the ancestor of the Arabs. Within Islam, Ishmael is regarded as a prophet and the ancestor of the Ishmaelites (Hagarenes or Adnanites) and patriarch of Qaydār. Etymology The name "Yishma'el" existed in various ancient Semitic cultures, including early Babylonian and Minæan. In the Amorite language, it is attested as ''yaśmaʿ-ʾel''. It is a theophoric name translated literally as "God (El) has hearkened", suggesting that "a child so named was regarded as the fulfillment of a divine promise". Genesis narrative The Genesis narrative sees the account of Ishmael's life through the . Birth The birth of Ishmael was planned by the Patriarch Abraham's first wife, who at that time was known as Sarai. She and her husband Abram (Abraham) sought a way to have children in order to fulfi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republican People's Party
The Republican People's Party (RPP; , CHP ) is a Kemalism, Kemalist and Social democracy, social democratic political party in Turkey. It is the oldest List of political parties in Turkey, political party in Turkey, founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the List of presidents of Turkey, first president and founder of the modern Turkey, Republic of Türkiye. The party is also cited as the founding party of modern Turkey. Its logo consists of the The Six Arrows, Six Arrows, which represent the foundational principles of Kemalism: republicanism, reformism, Secularism in Turkey, laicism, populism, nationalism, and statism. It is currently the second largest party in Grand National Assembly of Turkey, Grand National Assembly with 135 MPs, behind the ruling conservative Justice and Development Party (Turkey), Justice and Development Party (AKP). The political party has its origins in the various Association for Defence of National Rights, resistance groups founded during the Turkish W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authoritarian
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political ''status quo'', and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have sometimes been characterized as "hybrid democracies", " hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, ''An Authoritarian Regime: Spain'', defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: # Limited political pluralism, which is achieved with constraints on the legislature, political parties and interest groups. # Political legitimacy based on appeals to emotion and identification of the regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abolition Of The Caliphate
The Ottoman Caliphate, the world's last widely recognized caliphate, was abolished on 3 March 1924 (Rumi calendar, R.C. 1340) by decree of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The process was one of Atatürk's reforms following the replacement of the Ottoman Empire with the Turkey, Republic of Turkey. Abdülmecid II was deposed as the last Ottoman caliph. The caliph was nominally the supreme religious and political leader of all Sunni Muslims across the world. In the years prior to the abolition, during the ongoing Turkish Revolution, Turkish War of Independence, the uncertain future of the caliphate provoked strong reactions among the worldwide community of Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslims. The potential abolition of the caliphate had been actively opposed by the Indian-based Khilafat Movement, and generated heated debate throughout the Muslim world. The 1924 abolition came about less than 18 months after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, prior to which the Ottoman sultan was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Committee Of Union And Progress
The Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, also translated as the Society of Union and Progress; , French language, French: ''Union et Progrès'') was a revolutionary group, secret society, and political party, active between 1889 and 1926 in the Ottoman Empire and in the Turkey, Republic of Turkey. The foremost faction of the Young Turks, the CUP instigated the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which ended absolute monarchy and began the Second Constitutional Era. After an ideological transformation, from 1913 to 1918, the CUP ruled the empire as a dictatorship and committed Genocides in history#Ottoman Empire/Turkey, genocides against the Armenian genocide, Armenian, Greek genocide, Greek, and Sayfo, Assyrian peoples as part of a broader policy of ethnic erasure during the late Ottoman period. The CUP and its members have often been referred to as "Young Turks", although the Young Turk movement produced List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire, other Ottoman political par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
