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Presidential Elections In Brazil
Direct presidential elections are held in Brazil as part of the general elections every four years (which has been regular since 1994), typically in October. The current electoral law provides for a two-round system in which a candidate must receive more than 50% of the vote to win in the first round; if no candidate passes the 50% threshold, a run-off is held between the top two candidates. Every candidate has a running mate who disputes the post of vice-president; prior to 1966, the vice-president was elected separately. The country has held presidential elections since 1891, spanning over a period of several different republican governments and national constitutions. Old Republic Presidentialism was introduced in Brazil after the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889, and the first election was held in 1891. According to the 1891 Constitution, the right to vote was restricted to men over 21 years old who were not illiterate, homeless or enlisted-rank soldiers. The electi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Two-round System
The two-round system (TRS or 2RS), sometimes called ballotage, top-two runoff, or two-round plurality, is a single-winner electoral system which aims to elect a member who has support of the majority of voters. The two-round system involves one or two rounds of choose-one voting, where the voter marks a single favorite candidate in each round. If no one has a majority of votes in the first round, the two candidates with the most votes in the first round move on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality (FPP). Like instant-runoff (ranked-choice) voting and first past the post, it elects one winner. The two-round system first emerged in France and has since become the most common single-winner electoral system worldwide. Despite this, runoff-based rules like the two-round system and RCV have faced criticism from social choice theorists as a result of their suscep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Campos Sales
Manoel Ferraz de Campos Salles (; 15 February 1841 – 28 June 1913) was a Brazilian lawyer, coffee farmer, and politician who served as the fourth president of Brazil. He was born in the city of Campinas, São Paulo. He graduated as a lawyer from the Faculdade de Direito do Largo de São Francisco, São Paulo, in 1863. He served as a provincial deputy three times, general deputy once, and also as minister of justice (1889–1891), senator and governor of São Paulo (1896–1897). The pinnacle of his political career was his election as president of Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ..., an office he held between 1898 and 1902. Austere financial reforms were adopted during his tenure under Minister of Finance Joaquim Murtinho (7 December 1848 – 19 Feb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Altino Arantes Marques
Altino Arantes Marques (1876–1965) was a governor, President of São Paulo. He was born in Batatais and graduated from the Law School of São Paulo in 1895. He was a member of the Republican Party of São Paulo. Before he became the president of the state of São Paulo, he was a federal deputy for two terms: (1906–1908) and (1909–1911). He was also secretary of state of the interior from 1911 to 1915. Presidency During his administration, the second artificial valorisation (price-setting) of coffee was promoted (the first was in 1906, by the :pt:Convênio de Taubaté, Tabuaté Agreement). With the frost of 1918, this product, doubled in price in the Santos (São Paulo), Santos' Port, giving the Altino Arantes government much revenue. With reduced production, it was possible to put the price premium into the world market, allowing the government to take control of the São Paulo Railway Company, Sorocabana Railroad from a United States, North-American group. After the presi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Epitácio Pessoa
Epitácio Lindolfo da Silva Pessoa (; 23 May 1865 – 13 February 1942) was a Brazilian politician and jurist who served as the 11th president of Brazil between 1919 and 1922, when Rodrigues Alves was unable to take office due to illness, after being elected in 1918. His period of government was marked by military revolts that would culminate in the Revolution of 1930, which brought Getúlio Vargas into control of the federal government. In addition to his term as president, Pessoa served as Minister of Justice, a justice in the Supreme Federal Tribunal, Attorney General, a two-term Federal Deputy, a three-term Senator, Chief of the Brazilian delegation for the Treaty of Versailles, and a judge on the Permanent Court of International Justice. In 1921, President Epitácio Pessoa, concerned about causing a geopolitical '' faux pas'', is known for having banned any non-white players from Brazil national football team. Biography Epitácio Pessoa was born in Umbuzeiro, a small to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Spanish Flu
The 1918–1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was March 1918 in Kansas, United States, with further cases recorded in France, Germany and the United Kingdom in April. Two years later, nearly a third of the global population, or an estimated 500 million people, had been infected. Estimates of deaths range from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it the deadliest pandemic in history. The pandemic broke out near the end of World War I, when wartime censors in the belligerent countries suppressed bad news to maintain morale, but newspapers freely reported the outbreak in neutral Spain, creating a false impression of Spain as the epicenter and leading to the "Spanish flu" misnomer. Limited historical epidemiological data make the pandemic' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Nilo Peçanha
Nilo Procópio Peçanha (; 2 October 1867 – 31 March 1924) was a Brazilian politician who served as the seventh president of Brazil. He was governor of Rio de Janeiro (1903–1906), then elected the fifth vice president of Brazil in 1906. He assumed the presidency in 1909 following the death of President Afonso Pena and served until 1910.ANDRADE, Manuel Correia de. A Civilização Açucareira. Recife:Biblioteca On-line do SEBRAE-PE. p. 3 (visited 8 August 2008) [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Fluminense Republican Party
The Fluminense Republican Party (, PRF) was a Brazilian political party founded in 1888 to represent the republican ideals of the agrarian elite of Rio de Janeiro. Its principal representative was the Florianist Nilo Peçanha, President of the Republic from 1909 to 1910. The moderate wing, led by governor and senator José Thomaz da Porciúncula, and linked to the São Paulo directorate was hostile to Florianism and did not support him. In common with all of the parties of the República Velha The First Brazilian Republic, also referred to as the Old Republic (, ), officially the Republic of the United States of Brazil, was the Brazilian state in the period from 1889 to 1930. The Old Republic began with the coup d'état that deposed ..., the PRF was abolished shortly after the inauguration of the Estado Novo by Decree-Law No. 37, 2 December 1937. Political parties of the First Brazilian Republic Defunct political parties in Brazil Political parties established in 1888 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Pinheiro Machado (politician)
José Gomes Pinheiro Machado (8 May 1851 – 8 September 1915) was a Brazilian republican politician. He fought for the establishment of the Republic in Brazil and for its consolidation. He fought on the republican side in the Federalist Revolution (Revolução Federalista), commanding the North Division (Divisão do Norte) and winning a victory over the monarchist forces at the battle of Passo Fundo in 1894. He was a senator for the state of Rio Grande do Sul from 1890 until his assassination in 1915. Ancestry See also * * |
Venceslau Brás
Venceslau Brás Pereira Gomes (26 February 1868 – 15 May 1966) was a Brazilian politician who served as the ninth president of Brazil between 1914 and 1918, during the First Brazilian Republic. Brás was born in Brasópolis (formerly São Caetano da Vargem Grande), Minas Gerais State. He became governor of that state in 1909, and in 1910 he was elected vice-president under Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca. As the sixth vice president of Brazil, he also served as the President of the Senate. He was elected president in 1914 and served until 1918. His government declared war on the Central Powers in October 1917 during World War I. He was the longest-lived Brazilian president, reaching 98 years of age. Spelling of name Throughout his life Brás spelled his name ''Wenceslau Braz'', although there exist postage stamps with the spelling ''Wenceslao'' as well. The 1943 reform of Portuguese orthography stipulates that the names of deceased persons must be spelled according to standa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Hermes Da Fonseca
Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca (; 12 May 1855 – 9 September 1923) was a Brazilian field marshal and politician who served as the eighth president of Brazil between 1910 and 1914. He was a nephew of marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, the first president of Brazil, and general João Severiano da Fonseca, patron of the Army Health Service. His parents were the marshal Hermes Ernesto da Fonseca and Rita Rodrigues Barbosa. Early life His father was born in Alagoas and, while serving in the army, was transferred to the town of São Gabriel, in Rio Grande do Sul, where Hermes was born, in 1855. When his father was sent to the Paraguayan War, the family returned to Rio de Janeiro. Military career In 1871, at the age of 16, he graduated with a degree in Science and Literature and joined the Military School of Praia Vermelha, where he was a student of Benjamin Constant Botelho de Magalhães, one of the introducers of the positivist ideas of Auguste Comte in Brazil, and thus did not escape th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Quintino Bocaiuva
Quintino Antônio Ferreira de Sousa Bocaiuva (4 December 1836 – 11 July 1912) was a Brazilian politician and writer. He served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil between 1889 and 1891. He was also President of the State of Rio de Janeiro, between 1900 and 1903. He was known for his actions during the Proclamation of the Republic. Brazilian Government site, in Portrugese, accessed on 9 September 2008 Bocaiuva was born in and then moved to São Paulo
São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Pau ...
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Conservative Republican Party (Brazil)
The Conservative Republican Party ( Portuguese: ''Partido Republicano Conservador'', PRC) was a Brazilian political party founded in October 1910 to represent the republican and oligarchic ideals of agrarian elites of states discontented with the domination of the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais (''" café com leite"'') during the República Velha. Its main representatives were Rio Grande do Sul Senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or Legislative chamber, chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the Ancient Rome, ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior ... José Gomes Pinheiro Machado and Marshal Hermes da Fonseca, who was elected president of the republic from 1910 to 1914. The PRC declined from 1915 with the death of Pinheiro Machado. Like all political parties, it was finally abolished by the Estado Novo in 1937. Political parties of the First Brazilian Republic Defun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
