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Peyronie's Disease
Peyronie's disease (PD) is a benign, acquired penile connective tissue disease characterized by the occurrence of fibrotic plaques within the Tunica albuginea (penis), tunica albuginea — the dense elastic covering of the Corpora cavernosa of penis, corpora cavernosa. The plaques cause abnormal curvature, pain, penile deformities (e.g., narrowing or indentation), and usually erectile dysfunction, particularly during erection. The condition typically leads to significant sexual and psychological effects, including difficulty with penetration and lowered self-esteem or evasiveness. Peyronie's disease is most often seen in middle-aged and older men with a median age of onset between 55 and 60 years, although it has also been noted in younger individuals and adolescents. While the etiology of PD is still a mystery, the leading hypothesis is that it arises from dysregulated wound healing in response to Chronic condition, chronic microtrauma of the erect penis. This triggers a cascade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urology
Urology (from Ancient Greek, Greek wikt:οὖρον, οὖρον ''ouron'' "urine" and ''wiktionary:-logia, -logia'' "study of"), also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of medicine that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the urinary system and the reproductive organs. Organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, epididymides, vas deferens, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate, and Human penis, penis). The urinary and reproductive tracts are closely linked, and disorders of one often affect the other. Thus a major spectrum of the conditions managed in urology exists under the domain of genitourinary disorders. Urology combines the management of medical (i.e., non-surgical) conditions, such as urinary-tract infections and benign prostatic hyperplasia, with the management of surgical conditions such as bladder or prostate cancer, kidney st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cigarette Smoking
Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the resulting smoke. The smoke may be inhaled, as is done with cigarettes, or released from the mouth, as is generally done with pipes and cigars. The practice is believed to have begun as early as 5000–3000 BC in Mesoamerica and South America. Tobacco was introduced to Eurasia in the late 17th century by European colonists, where it followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its first import into the Western world onward but embedded itself in certain strata of several societies before becoming widespread upon the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling apparatus. Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with additives and then combusted. The resulting smoke, which contains various active substances, the most significant of which is the addictive psychostimulant drug nicotine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wound Healing
Wound healing refers to a living organism's replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue. In undamaged skin, the epidermis (surface, epithelial layer) and dermis (deeper, connective layer) form a protective barrier against the external environment. When the barrier is broken, a regulated sequence of biochemical events is set into motion to repair the damage. This process is divided into predictable phases: blood clotting (hemostasis), inflammation, tissue growth ( cell proliferation), and tissue remodeling (maturation and cell differentiation). Blood clotting may be considered to be part of the inflammation stage instead of a separate stage. The wound-healing process is not only complex but fragile, and it is susceptible to interruption or failure leading to the formation of non-healing chronic wounds. Factors that contribute to non-healing chronic wounds are diabetes, venous or arterial disease, infection, and metabolic deficiencies of old age.Enoch, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inflammation
Inflammation (from ) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. The five cardinal signs are heat, pain, redness, swelling, and loss of function (Latin ''calor'', ''dolor'', ''rubor'', ''tumor'', and ''functio laesa''). Inflammation is a generic response, and therefore is considered a mechanism of innate immunity, whereas adaptive immunity is specific to each pathogen. Inflammation is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out damaged cells and tissues, and initiate tissue repair. Too little inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise the survival of the organism. However inflammation can also have negative effects. Too much inflammation, in the form of chronic inflammation, is associated with variou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multifactorial Disease
Multifactorial diseases, also known as complex diseases, are not confined to any specific pattern of single gene inheritance and are likely to be caused when multiple genes come together along with the effects of environmental factors. In fact, the terms 'multifactorial' and 'polygenic' are used as synonyms and these terms are commonly used to describe the architecture of disease causing genetic component. Multifactorial diseases are often found gathered in families yet, they do not show any distinct pattern of inheritance. It is difficult to study and treat multifactorial diseases because specific factors associated with these diseases have not yet been identified. Some common multifactorial disorders include schizophrenia, diabetes, asthma, depression, high blood pressure, Alzheimer's, obesity, epilepsy, heart diseases, Hypothyroidism, club foot, cancer, birth defects and even dandruff. The multifactorial threshold model assumes that gene defects for multifactorial traits ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Journal Of Sexual Medicine
''The Journal of Sexual Medicine'' (''JSM'') is a peer-reviewed medical journal published on behalf of the International Society for Sexual Medicine. Besides the latter society, it is also an official journal for the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health. The editor-in-chief is Landon Trost. The related open access journal, ''Sexual Medicine,'' was launched in 2013. The journal was published by Wiley between 2009 and 2014, and by Elsevier between 2015 and 2022. Since 2023 the publisher was OUP. Contents ''The Journal of Sexual Medicine'' covers basic science and clinical research studies in the psychological and biological aspects of male and female sexual function and dysfunction. It publishes articles in the following categories: * Original research articles * Case reports * Review articles * Commentaries * Editorials * Letters to the Editor Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in Academic Search, Chemical Abstracts Service, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Journal Of Urology International
''BJU International'' (or ''BJUI'', formerly known as the ''British Journal of Urology'') is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 1929. The editor-in-chief is Freddie Hamdy and the journal is published by Wiley-Blackwell. It covers research on all aspects of urology. The Journal is wholly owned by BJU International charity. The charity is affiliated with many urological societies around the world and the Journal is an official journal for many of these associations. *British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) – Official Journal * Caribbean Urological Association (CURA) – Official Journal * Hong Kong Urological Association (HKUA) – Official Journal and affiliated * Indonesian Urological Association – Affiliated * International Alliance of Urolithiasis – Affiliated Journal * Investigative and Clinical Urology – Affiliated Journal * Irish Society of Urology (ISU) – Official Journal * Malaysian Urological Association – Affiliated * Mya ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-esteem
Self-esteem is confidence in one's own worth, abilities, or morals. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself (for example, "I am loved", "I am worthy") as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame. Smith and Mackie define it by saying "The self-concept is what we think about the self; self-esteem, is the positive or negative evaluations of the self, as in how we feel about it (see self)." The construct of self-esteem has been shown to be a desirable one in psychology, as it is associated with a variety of positive outcomes, such as academic achievement, relationship satisfaction, happiness, and lower rates of criminal behavior. The benefits of high self-esteem are thought to include improved mental and physical health, and less anti-social behavior while drawbacks of low self-esteem have been found to be anxiety, loneliness, and increased vulnerability to substance abuse. Self-esteem can apply to a specific attribute or globally. Psychologists usu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Depression (mood)
Depression is a mental state of low Mood (psychology), mood and aversion to activity. It affects about 3.5% of the global population, or about 280 million people worldwide, as of 2020. Depression affects a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and subjective well-being, sense of well-being. The pleasure or joy that a person gets from certain experiences is reduced, and the afflicted person often experiences a loss of motivation or interest in those activities. People with depression may experience sadness, feelings of dejection or hopelessness, difficulty in thinking and concentration, or a significant change in appetite or time spent sleeping; Suicidal ideation, suicidal thoughts can also be experienced. Depression can have multiple, sometimes overlapping, origins. Depression can be a symptom of some mood disorders, some of which are also commonly called ''depression'', such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and dysthymia. Additionally, depression can be a norm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Distress (medicine)
In medicine, distress is an aversive state in which a person is unable to completely adapt to difficult situations and their resulting effects and shows maladaptive behaviors. It can be evident in the presence of various phenomena, such as inappropriate social interaction (e.g., aggression, passivity, or withdrawal). Distress is the opposite of eustress, a positive emotion that motivates people. Risk factors Stress can be created by influences such as work, school, peers or co-workers, family and death. Other influences vary by age. People under constant distress are more likely to become sick, mentally or physically. There is a clear response association between psychological distress and major causes of mortality across the full range of distress. Higher education has been linked to a reduction in psychological distress in both men and women, and these effects persist throughout the aging process, not just immediately after receiving education. However, this link does ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peyronie's Disease
Peyronie's disease (PD) is a benign, acquired penile connective tissue disease characterized by the occurrence of fibrotic plaques within the Tunica albuginea (penis), tunica albuginea — the dense elastic covering of the Corpora cavernosa of penis, corpora cavernosa. The plaques cause abnormal curvature, pain, penile deformities (e.g., narrowing or indentation), and usually erectile dysfunction, particularly during erection. The condition typically leads to significant sexual and psychological effects, including difficulty with penetration and lowered self-esteem or evasiveness. Peyronie's disease is most often seen in middle-aged and older men with a median age of onset between 55 and 60 years, although it has also been noted in younger individuals and adolescents. While the etiology of PD is still a mystery, the leading hypothesis is that it arises from dysregulated wound healing in response to Chronic condition, chronic microtrauma of the erect penis. This triggers a cascade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penile Ultrasonography
A penis (; : penises or penes) is a sex organ through which male and hermaphrodite animals expel semen during copulation, and through which male placental mammals and marsupials also urinate. The term ''penis'' applies to many intromittent organs of vertebrates and invertebrates, but not to all. As an example, the intromittent organ of most Cephalopoda is the hectocotylus, a specialized arm, and male spiders use their pedipalps. Even within the Vertebrata, there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as hemipenes. Etymology The word "penis" is taken from the Latin word for "tail". Some derive that from Indo-European ''*pesnis'', and the Greek word πέος = "penis" from Indo-European ''*pesos''. Prior to the adoption of the Latin word in English, the penis was referred to as a "yard". The Oxford English Dictionary cites an example of the word ''yard'' used in this sense from 1379, and notes that in his ''Physical Dictionary'' of 1684, Steven Blankaar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
