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Ottoman Poetry
The poetry of the Ottoman Empire, or Ottoman ''Divan'' poetry, is little known outside modern Turkey, which forms the heartland of what was once the Ottoman Empire. It is, however, a rich and ancient poetic tradition that lasted for nearly 700 years, and one whose influence can still be felt in the modern Turkish poetic tradition. Even in modern Turkey, however, Ottoman Divan poetry is a highly specialist subject. Much of this has to do with the fact that Divan poetry is written in Ottoman Turkish, which was written using a variant of the Arabic script and made extensive use of Arabic and Persian words, making the language vastly different from modern Turkish. In its own time, knowledge of this form of literary Turkish was largely limited to the educated classes. History The Ottoman Divan poetry tradition embraced the influence of the Persian and, to a lesser extent, Arabic literatures. As far back as the pre-Ottoman Seljuk period in the late 11th to early 14th centuries CE, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diwan (poetry)
A diwan (from Persian language, Persian ; ) is a collection of Poetry, poems by a single author – usually excluding the poet's Mathnawi (poetic form), long poems – in Islamic cultures of West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, Sicily and South Asia. The vast majority of Diwan poetry was Lyric poetry, lyric in nature: either ghazals (or ''gazel''s, which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition) or ''kasîde''s. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the ''mesnevî''—a kind of Courtly romance, verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are the ''Layla and Majnun'' (ليلى و مجنون) of Fuzûlî and the ''Hüsn ü Aşk'' (حسن و عشق – 'Beauty and Love') of Şeyh Gâlib. Originating in Persian literature, the idea spread to the Arab, Turkic and Indic worlds, and the term was sometimes used in Europe, albeit not always in the same way. Etymology The English usage of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanzimat
The (, , lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, and Fuad Pasha, under Sultans Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz, the Tanzimat sought to reverse the empire's decline by modernizing legal, military, and administrative systems while promoting Ottomanism (equality for all subjects). Though it introduced secular courts, modern education, and infrastructure like railways, the reforms faced resistance from conservative clerics, exacerbated ethnic tensions in the Balkans, and saddled the empire with crippling foreign debt. The Tanzimat’s legacy remains contested: some historians credit it with establishing a powerful national government, while others argue it accelerated imperial fragmentation. Different functions of government received reform, were completely reor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Metres
Persian metres are the patterns of long and short syllables, 10 to 16 syllables long, used in Persian poetry. Over the past 1000 years the Persian language has enjoyed a rich literature, especially of poetry. Until the advent of free verse in the 20th century, this poetry was always quantitative—that is the lines were composed in various patterns of long and short syllables. The different patterns are known as metres (US: meters). A knowledge of metre is essential for someone to correctly recite Persian poetry—and also often, since short vowels are not written in Persian script, to convey the correct meaning in cases of ambiguity. It is also helpful for those who memorize the verse. Metres in Persian have traditionally been analyzed in terms of Arabic metres, from which they were supposed to have been adapted. However, in recent years it has been recognized that for the most part Persian metres developed independently from those in Arabic, and there has been a movement to anal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazel
''Gazel'' is a form of Turkish music. While in other parts of West Asia, ''gazel'' is synonymous with ''ghazal'', in Turkey it denotes an improvised form of solo singing, that is sometimes accompanied by the '' ney'', '' ud'', or '' tanbur''. It is the vocal equivalent to the Turkish ''taqsim ''Taqsim'' ( / ALA-LC: ''taqsīm'', , , ) is a melodic musical improvisation that usually precedes the performance of a traditional Arabic, Kurdish, Greek, Middle Eastern, Iranian, Azerbaijani or Turkish musical composition. ''Taqsim'' tradi ...'', an improvised instrumental composition. The form began to die out in the mid-20th century because of its associations with nightclubs, but it has recently begun a revival process.Garland Encyclopedia of Music, vol. 6, pp. 114–121 References Music of Turkey Turkish words and phrases Arabic and Central Asian poetics Forms of Ottoman classical music Forms of Turkish makam music {{music-genre-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kashifi (Ottoman Poet)
Kashifi (also spelled Kaşifi or Kashefi; or – died 15th century) was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman poet of Iranian peoples, Iranian origin. He wrote the ''Ḡazā-nāma-ye Rum'', an epic Persian language, Persian-language poem about the lives of Sultans Murad II (1421–1444) and Mehmed II (). Biography Details about Kasifi's personal life are scant. The date of his birth is unknown, although he flourished in 1456 or . According to Osman G. Özgüdenlı, his place of birth is also unknown. According to Sara Nur Yildiz, however, he was originally from Baku (present-day Azerbaijan Republic), which at that time was part of the domains of the Shirvanshahs. "Kashifi" is a pseudonym he used to refer to himself in his only extant work, the ''Ḡazā-nāma-ye Rum''. The poet wrote few details about himself; he traveled through parts of the Islamic world and lived for some time in Aleppo and Urfa (Ruha, ancient Edessa), which were then ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluks, but wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nef'i
Nefʿī (نفعى) was the pen name (Ottoman Turkish: مخلص ''maḫlaṣ'') of an Ottoman poet and satirist whose real name was ʿOmer (عمر) (c. 1572, in Hasankale, Erzurum – 1635, in Istanbul). Biography Nefʿī came to the Ottoman capital of Istanbul sometime before the year 1606, when he is noted to have been working in the bureaucracy as the comptroller of mines (''maden mukataacısı''). Nef'i attempted to gain the sultan's favor for his poetry, but was unsuccessful with Ahmed I (reigned 1603–1617) and Osman II (reigned 1618–1622). However, finally, Sultan Murad IV (reigned 1623–1640) recognized his skill and granted him a stipend. Because of his vicious literary attacks on government officials, he was executed by strangulation in 1635 at the request of ''kaymakam'' Bayram Pasha. p. 285 Story of his execution Turkish historian and journalist Mahmut Sami Şimşek tells the following story about the execution of Nef'i: Nef'i's execution was decided due to his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nedîm
Ahmed Effendi, better known by his ''mahlas'' ('' nom de plume'') Nedîm (Ottoman Turkish: نديم; – 1730), was an Ottoman lyric poet of the Tulip Period. He achieved his greatest fame during the reign of Ahmed III. He was known for his slightly decadent, even licentious poetry often couched in the most staid of classical formats, but also for bringing the folk poetic forms of ''türkü and şarkı'' into the court.Salzmann, Ariel (2000) "The Age of Tulips: Confluence and Conflict in Early Modern Consumer Culture (1550-1730)" p. 90 ''In'' Quataert, Donald (ed.) (2000) ''Consumption Studies and the History of the Ottoman Empire, 1550-1922: An Introduction'' Albany State University of New York Press, Albany, New York, pp. 83-106, Life Early life Not much is known about Nedîm's early life, except for what can be inferred from records of the time. Nedîm (then Ahmed) was born in Constantinople, most likely in 1681. His pre-nomial ''Mülakkab zâde'' (lit. descendant of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bâkî
Bâḳî (باقى) was the pen name (Ottoman Turkish: مخلص ''mahlas'') of the Ottoman Turkish poet Mahmud Abdülbâkî (محمود عبدالباقى) . Considered one of the greatest contributors to Turkish literature. Bâkî came to be known as ''Sultânüş-şuarâ'' (سلطان الشعرا), or "Sultan of poets". Life Bâkî was born to a poor family in Constantinople, his father being a muezzin at the Fatih Mosque. Originally, his family apprenticed him to a harness-maker, but he would often skip work to attend classes at a nearby ''medrese'', or Islamic school. Because of this, his family eventually allowed him to formally attend school. Bâkî was a good student, and he attended the lectures of many of the famous lecturers of the time. It was during his school years that his interest in and talent for poetry began to take shape, helped largely by the established poet Zâtî (ذاتی) . After completing school, he worked for some time as a teacher, but later, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Necati
Necati is a Turkish given name for males. People named Necati include: * Necati "Neco" Arabaci (born 1972), Turkish businessman, criminal, and high-ranking member of the Hells Angels * Necati Ateş (born 1980), Turkish footballer * Necati Çelim (1909–1986), Turkish politician * Necati Er (born 1997), Turkish athlete * Necati Cumalı (1921–2001), Turkish writer * Necati Şaşmaz (born 1971), Turkish actor * Necati Zontul, Turkish torture and rape victim See also * Nejat (other) {{given name Turkish masculine given names Masculine given names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmed Paşa
Ahmad () is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other English spellings of the name include Ahmed. It is also used as a surname. Etymology The word derives from the root ( ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic (), from the verb (''ḥameda'', "to thank or to praise"), non-past participle (). Lexicology As an Arabic name, it has its origins in a Quranic prophecy attributed to Jesus in the Quran which most Islamic scholars concede is about Muhammad. It also shares the same roots as Mahmud, Muhammad, Hamed, and Hamad. In its transliteration, the name has one of the highest number of spelling variations in the world. Some Islamic traditions view the name Ahmad as another given name of Muhammad at birth by his mother, considered by Muslims to be the more esoteric name of Muhammad and central to understanding his nature. Over the centuries, some Islamic scholars have suggested the name's parallel is in the word 'Paraclete' from the Biblical text,"Isa", ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Literature
Western literature, also known as European literature, is the literature written in the context of Western culture in the languages of Europe, and is shaped by the periods in which they were conceived, with each period containing prominent western authors, poets, and pieces of literature. The best of Western literature is considered to be the Western canon. The list of works in the Western canon varies according to the critic's opinions on Western culture and the relative importance of its defining characteristics. Different literary periods held great influence on the literature of Western and European countries, with movements and political changes impacting the prose and poetry of the period. The 16th Century is known for the creation of Renaissance literature, while the 17th century was influenced by both Baroque and Jacobean forms. The 18th century progressed into a period known as the Enlightenment Era for many western countries. This period of military and political advanc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
