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Open System (computing)
Open systems are computer systems that provide some combination of interoperability, software portability, portability, and open standard, open software standards. (It can also refer to specific installations that are configured to allow unrestricted access by people and/or other computers; this article does not discuss that meaning). The term was popularized in the early 1980s, mainly to describe systems based on Unix, especially in contrast to the more entrenched mainframe computer, mainframes and minicomputers in use at that time. Unlike older legacy systems, the newer generation of Unix systems featured standardized programming interfaces and peripheral interconnects; third party development of hardware and software was encouraged, a significant departure from the norm of the time, which saw companies such as Amdahl Corporation, Amdahl and Hitachi Data Systems History, Hitachi going to court for the right to sell systems and peripherals that were compatible with IBM's mainframe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer System
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (''computation''). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as ''programs'', which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system may refer to a nominally complete computer that includes the hardware, operating system, software, and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation; or to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers as control systems, including simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, and factory devices like industrial robots. Computers are at the core of general-purpose devices such as personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones. Computers power the Internet, which links billions of compute ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commodity Computer
Commodity computing (also known as commodity cluster computing) involves the use of large numbers of already-available computing components for parallel computing, to get the greatest amount of useful computation at low cost. This is a useful alternative to high-cost superminicomputers or boutique computers. Commodity computers are computer systems - manufactured by multiple vendors - incorporating components based on open standards. Characteristics Such systems are said to be based on standardized computer components, since the standardization process promotes lower costs and less differentiation among vendors' products. Standardization and decreased differentiation lower the switching or exit cost from any given vendor, increasing purchasers' leverage and preventing lock-in. A governing principle of commodity computing is that it is preferable to have more low-performance, low-cost hardware working in parallel (scalar computing) (e.g. AMD x86 CISC) than to have fewer high-per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Computing
The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables. Concrete devices Digital computing is intimately tied to the representation of number A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label. The most basic examples are the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth. Numbers can be represented in language with number words. More universally, individual numbers can ...s. But long before abstractions like ''the number'' arose, there were mathematical concepts to serve the purposes of civilization. These concepts are implicit in concrete practices such as: *''Bijection, One-to-one correspondence'', a rule to counting, count ''how many'' items, e.g. on a tally stick, eventually abstracted into ''numbers''. *''Comparison to a standard'', a method for assuming ''reproducibility'' in a measure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computer Systems
A computer is a machine that can be Computer programming, programmed to automatically Execution (computing), carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (''computation''). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as Computer program, ''programs'', which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system may refer to a nominally complete computer that includes the Computer hardware, hardware, operating system, software, and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation; or to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. A broad range of Programmable logic controller, industrial and Consumer electronics, consumer products use computers as control systems, including simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, and factory devices like industrial robots. Computers are at the core of general-purpose devices ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unix Wars
The Unix wars were struggles between vendors to set a standard for the Unix operating system in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Origins Both AT&T Corporation and University of California, Berkeley are important in the early history of Unix. Although AT&T's Bell Labs created Unix, by the 1980s, Berkeley's Computer Systems Research Group was the leading non-commercial Unix developer. In the mid-1980s, the three common versions of Unix were AT&T's System III, the basis of Microsoft's Xenix and the IBM-endorsed PC/IX, among others; AT&T's System V, which it sought to establish as the new Unix standard; and the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). All were derived from AT&T's Research Unix but had diverged considerably. Further, each vendor's version of Unix was different to some degree. For example, by the late 1980s, database vendor Informix Corporation developed software for more than 100 different Unix systems, and therefore had altogether over 1,000 versions of their produc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open System Environment Reference Model
Open-system environment (OSE) reference model (RM) or ''OSE reference model'' (OSE/RM) is a 1990 reference model for enterprise architecture. It provides a software framework, framework for describing Open system (computing), open system concepts and defining a lexicon of terms, that can be agreed upon generally by all interested parties. This reference model is meant as an environment model, complementary to the POSIX architecture for open systems. It offers an extensible framework that allows services, interfaces, protocols, and supporting data formats to be defined in terms of nonproprietary specifications that evolve through open (public), consensus-based forums. This reference model served in the 1990s as a basic building block of several technical reference models and technical architectures. In 1996 this reference model was standardized in the List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards#ISO_10000.E2.80.93ISO_14999, ISO/IEC TR 14252 titled "Information ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Mainframe
Open Mainframe Project is a Collaborative Project managed by the Linux Foundation to encourage the use of Linux-based operating systems and open source software on mainframe computers. The project was announced on August 17, 2015, and was driven by IBM, a major supplier of mainframe hardware, as well as 16 other founding members, that included SUSE, CA Technologies, BMC Software, Compuware as well as clients and partners such as RSM Partner, Vicom Infinity, L3C LLP and ADP, and academic institutions such as Marist College and University of Bedfordshire. Coincident with the announcement, IBM also announced a partnership with Canonical to make the Ubuntu operating system available for their high-end z Systems hardware. Development priorities for the project in 2016 include OpenJDK, Docker, and Hyperledger. In February 2016 the Linux Foundation announced new members had joined the Open Mainframe Project: Hitachi Data Systems, Sine Nomine Associates, East Carolina University, and Da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Format
An open file format is a file format for storing digital data, defined by an openly published specification usually maintained by a standards organization, and which can be used and implemented by anyone. An open file format is licensed with an open license. For example, an open format can be implemented by both proprietary and free and open-source software, using the typical software licenses used by each. In contrast to open file formats, closed file formats are considered trade secrets. Depending on the definition, the specification of an open format may require a fee to access or, very rarely, contain other restrictions. The range of meanings is similar to that of the term open standard. Specific definitions UK government In 2012 the UK Government created the policy Open Standards Principles, stating that the Open Standards Principles apply to every aspect of government IT and that Government technology must remain open to everyone. Text was copied from this source ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open API
An open API (often referred to as a public API) is a publicly available application programming interface that provides developers with programmatic access to a (possibly proprietary) software application or web service. Open APIs are APIs that are published on the internet and are free to access by consumers. Alternative Definitions There is no universally accepted definition of the term "Open API" and it may be used to mean a variety of things in different contexts, including: # An API for use by developers and other users with relatively few restrictions. It may require registration or enforce quotas and rate-limits, but registration is free and open to all; or # An API backed by open data. Open data is freely available for everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control; or # An API based on an open standard, which specifies the mechanism by which a consumer queries the API and interprets its responses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solaris (operating System)
Oracle Solaris is a proprietary software, proprietary Unix operating system offered by Oracle Corporation, Oracle for SPARC and x86-64 based workstations and server (computing), servers. Originally developed by Sun Microsystems as Solaris, it superseded the company's earlier SunOS in 1993 and became known for its scalability, especially on SPARC systems, and for originating many innovative features such as DTrace, ZFS and Time Slider. After the Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation, Sun acquisition by Oracle in 2010, it was renamed Oracle Solaris. Solaris was registered as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification until April 29, 2019. Historically, Solaris was developed as proprietary software. In June 2005, Sun Microsystems released most of the codebase under the CDDL license, and founded the OpenSolaris Open-source software, open-source project. Sun aimed to build a developer and user community with OpenSolaris; after the Oracle acquisition in 2010, the Open ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
StarOffice
StarOffice is a discontinued proprietary software, proprietary office suite. Its source code continues today in derived open-source office suites Collabora Online and LibreOffice. StarOffice supported the OpenOffice.org XML file format, as well as the OpenDocument standard, and could generate Portable Document Format, PDF and SWF, Flash formats. It included template (file format), templates, a macro (computer science), macro recorder, and a software development kit (SDK). The software originated in 1985 as StarWriter by Star Division, which marketed the suite with some success, primarily in Europe. StarOffice was acquired by Sun Microsystems in 1999, which released the source code the following year as a Free and open-source software, free and open source office suite called OpenOffice.org, which subsequent versions of StarOffice were based on, with additional proprietary components. Sun Microsystems was Sun acquisition by Oracle, acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010, and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OpenSolaris
OpenSolaris () is a discontinued open-source computer operating system for SPARC and x86 based systems, created by Sun Microsystems and based on Solaris. Its development began in the mid 2000s and ended in 2010. OpenSolaris was developed as a combination of several software ''consolidations'' that were open sourced starting with Solaris 10. It includes a variety of free software, including popular desktop and server software. It is a descendant of the UNIX System V Release 4 (SVR4) code base developed by Sun and AT&T in the late 1980s and is the only version of the System V variant of UNIX available as open source. After Oracle's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2010, Oracle discontinued development of OpenSolaris in house, pivoting to focus exclusively on the development of the proprietary Solaris Express (now Oracle Solaris). Prior to Oracle's close-sourcing Solaris, a group of former OpenSolaris developers began efforts to fork the core software under the name ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
