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Oomycete
The Oomycetes (), or Oomycota, form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms within the Stramenopiles. They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the result of contact between hyphae of male antheridia and female oogonia; these spores can overwinter and are known as resting spores. Asexual reproduction involves the formation of chlamydospores and sporangia, producing motile zoospores. Oomycetes occupy both saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and include some of the most notorious pathogens of plants, causing devastating diseases such as late blight of potato and sudden oak death. One oomycete, the mycoparasite '' Pythium oligandrum'', is used for biocontrol, attacking plant pathogenic fungi. The oomycetes are also often referred to as water molds (or water moulds), although the water-preferring nature which led to that name is not true of most species, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungus
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the kingdom (biology)#Six kingdoms (1998), traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of motility, mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytophthora Infestans
''Phytophthora infestans'' is an oomycete or Oomycete, water mold, a fungus-like microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight. Early blight, caused by ''Alternaria solani'', is also often called "potato blight". Late blight was a major culprit in the European Potato Failure, 1840s European, the Great Famine (Ireland), 1845–1852 Irish, and the Highland Potato Famine, 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect some other members of the Solanaceae. The pathogen is favored by moist, cool environments: sporulation is optimal at in water-saturated or nearly saturated environments, and zoospore production is favored at temperatures below . Lesion growth rates are typically optimal at a slightly warmer temperature range of . Etymology The genus name ''Phytophthora'' comes from the Greek (), meaning 'plant' – plus the Greek (), meaning 'decay, ruin, perish'. The species name ''infestans'' is the present partici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miraculaceae
''Miracula'' is a genus of parasitic protists that parasite diatoms, containing the type species '' Miracula helgolandica''. More recently, the species '' Miracula moenusica'' from the river Main in Frankfurt am Main, '' Miracula islandica'' from a shore in the north of Iceland, '' Miracula einbuarlaekurica'' from a streamlet in the north of Iceland, and '' Miracula blauvikensis'' from the shore at the research station Blávík in the east fjords of Iceland were added to the genus. It is the only genus in the family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ... Miraculaceae, of uncertain taxonomic position within the Oomycetes. They're one of the most basal lineages in the phylogeny of Oomycetes. Species * '' Miracula blauvikensis'' * '' Miracula helgolandica'' * '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stramenopiles
The stramenopiles, also called heterokonts, are Protist, protists distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. In most species, the hairs are attached to flagella, in some they are attached to other areas of the cellular surface, and in some they have been secondarily lost (in which case relatedness to stramenopile ancestors is evident from other shared cytological features or from genetic similarity). Stramenopiles represent one of the three major clades in the SAR supergroup, SAR Supergroup (biology), supergroup, along with Alveolate, Alveolata and Rhizaria. Stramenopiles are Eukaryote, eukaryotes; most are single-celled, but some are multicellular including some large seaweeds, the brown algae. The group includes a variety of algal protists, heterotrophic flagellates, opalines and closely related proteromonad flagellates (all Endosymbiont, endobionts in other organisms); the actinophryid Heliozoa, and oomycetes. The tripartite hairs characteristic of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pythiaceae
Pythiaceae is a family of oomycetes. The family includes serious plant and animal pathogens in the genus '' Pythium''. The family was circumscribed by German mycologist Joseph Schröter in 1893. Lifecycle *Live on land ( terrestrial), and in water ( aquatic), or a combination of the two (amphibious). *Most are deadly parasites, causing root rot and damping off on plants and pythiosis on animals. *The diploid (2N) life stage predominates, with a short haplophase initiated during sexual reproduction before the fusion of the gametes. Most species are homothallic. Reproduction The sporangia may germinate via a germ tube or by release of motile zoospores, depending on the species and the environmental conditions. Economic importance Some '' Pythium'' species cause "damping off Damping off (or damping-off) is a horticultural disease or condition, caused by several different pathogens that kill or weaken seeds or seedlings before or after they germinate. It is most prevalent in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albuginales
Albuginaceae is a family of oomycetes. Genera and species Albuginaceae contains the following subtaxa: *''Albugo'' **'' Albugo achyranthis'' **'' Albugo aechmantherae'' **'' Albugo arenosa'' **'' Albugo austroafricana'' **''Albugo candida'' **'' Albugo capparis'' **'' Albugo chardoni'' **'' Albugo caldothricis'' **'' Albugo cynoglossi'' **'' Albugo eomeconis'' **'' Albugo eurotiae'' **'' Albugo evansii'' **''Albugo evolvuli'' **'' Albugo froelichiae'' **'' Albugo gomphrenae'' **'' Albugo hesleri'' **'' Albugo hohenheimia'' **'' Albugo hyoscyami'' **'' Albugo ipomoeae-aquaticae'' **'' Albugo ipomoeae-hardwickii'' **'' Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae'' **'' Albugo keeneri'' **'' Albugo koreana'' **''Albugo laibachii'' **'' Albugo leimonios'' **'' Albugo lepidii'' **'' Albugo lepigoni'' **'' Albugo macalpineana'' **'' Albugo mangenotii'' **'' Albugo mauginii'' **'' Albugo mesembryanthemi'' **'' Albugo minor'' **'' Albugo molluginis'' **'' Albugo occidentalis'' **'' Albugo p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albuginaceae
Albuginaceae is a family of oomycetes. Genera and species Albuginaceae contains the following subtaxa: *'' Albugo'' **'' Albugo achyranthis'' **'' Albugo aechmantherae'' **'' Albugo arenosa'' **'' Albugo austroafricana'' **''Albugo candida'' **'' Albugo capparis'' **'' Albugo chardoni'' **'' Albugo caldothricis'' **'' Albugo cynoglossi'' **'' Albugo eomeconis'' **'' Albugo eurotiae'' **'' Albugo evansii'' **'' Albugo evolvuli'' **'' Albugo froelichiae'' **'' Albugo gomphrenae'' **'' Albugo hesleri'' **'' Albugo hohenheimia'' **'' Albugo hyoscyami'' **'' Albugo ipomoeae-aquaticae'' **'' Albugo ipomoeae-hardwickii'' **'' Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae'' **'' Albugo keeneri'' **'' Albugo koreana'' **'' Albugo laibachii'' **'' Albugo leimonios'' **'' Albugo lepidii'' **'' Albugo lepigoni'' **'' Albugo macalpineana'' **'' Albugo mangenotii'' **'' Albugo mauginii'' **'' Albugo mesembryanthemi'' **'' Albugo minor'' **'' Albugo molluginis'' **'' Albugo occidentalis'' **'' Albu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycelia
Mycelium (: mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Its normal form is that of branched, slender, entangled, anastomosing, hyaline threads. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates. A typical single spore germinates into a monokaryotic mycelium, which cannot reproduce sexually; when two compatible monokaryotic mycelia join and form a dikaryotic mycelium, that mycelium may form fruiting bodies such as mushroom A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing Sporocarp (fungi), fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or another food source. ''Toadstool'' generally refers to a poisonous mushroom. The standard for the n ...s. A mycelium may be minute, forming a colony that is too small to see, or may grow to span thousands of acres as in ''Armillaria''. Through the mycelium, a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment. It does thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterotrophic
A heterotroph (; ) is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, but not producers. Living organisms that are heterotrophic include all animals and fungi, some bacteria and protists, and many parasitic plants. The term heterotroph arose in microbiology in 1946 as part of a classification of microorganisms based on their type of nutrition. The term is now used in many fields, such as ecology, in describing the food chain. Heterotrophs occupy the second and third trophic levels of the food chain while autotrophs occupy the first trophic level. Heterotrophs may be subdivided according to their energy source. If the heterotroph uses chemical energy, it is a chemoheterotroph (e.g., humans and mushrooms). If it uses light for energy, then it is a photoheterotroph (e.g., green non-sulfur bacteria). Heterotrop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic scale, microscopic size, which may exist in its unicellular organism, single-celled form or as a Colony (biology)#Microbial colonies, colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from antiquity, with an early attestation in Jain literature authored in 6th-century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s, Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria, and anthrax. Microorganisms are extremely diverse, representing most unicellular organisms in all three domains of life: two of the three domains, Archaea and Bacteria, only contain microorganisms. The third domain, Eukaryota, includes all multicellular o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
