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OCaml
OCaml ( , formerly Objective Caml) is a General-purpose programming language, general-purpose, High-level programming language, high-level, Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages, multi-paradigm programming language which extends the Caml dialect of ML (programming language), ML with Object-oriented programming, object-oriented features. OCaml was created in 1996 by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez, and others. The OCaml toolchain includes an interactive top-level Interpreter (computing), interpreter, a bytecode compiler, an optimizing native code compiler, a reversible debugger, and a package managerOPAM together with a composable build system for OCamlDune. OCaml was initially developed in the context of automated theorem proving, and is used in static program analysis, static analysis and formal methods software. Beyond these areas, it has found use in systems programming, web development, and specific financial utili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caml
Caml (originally an acronym for Categorical Abstract Machine Language) is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose, high-level, functional programming language which is a dialect of the ML programming language family. Caml was developed in France at French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) and École normale supérieure (Paris) (ENS). Caml is statically typed, strictly evaluated, and uses automatic memory management. OCaml, the main descendant of Caml, adds many features to the language, including an object-oriented programming (object) layer. Examples In the following, represents the Caml prompt. Hello World A "Hello, World!" program is: print_endline "Hello, world!";; Factorial function (recursion and purely functional programming) Many mathematical functions, such as factorial, are most naturally represented in a purely functional form. The following recursive, purely functional Caml function implements factorial: let rec fact n = if n= ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATS (programming Language)
In computing, ATS (Applied Type System) is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose, high-level, functional programming language. It is a dialect of the programming language ML, designed by Hongwei Xi to unify computer programming with formal specification. ATS has support for combining theorem proving with practical programming through the use of advanced type systems. A past version of The Computer Language Benchmarks Game has demonstrated that the performance of ATS is comparable to that of the languages C and C++. By using theorem proving and strict type checking, the compiler can detect and prove that its implemented functions are not susceptible to bugs such as division by zero, memory leaks, buffer overflow, and other forms of memory corruption by verifying pointer arithmetic and reference counting before the program runs. Also, by using the integrated theorem-proving system of ATS (ATS/LF), the programmer may make use of static constructs that are intertwined with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Functional Programming
In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by Function application, applying and Function composition (computer science), composing Function (computer science), functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are Tree (data structure), trees of Expression (computer science), expressions that map Value (computer science), values to other values, rather than a sequence of Imperative programming, imperative Statement (computer science), statements which update the State (computer science), running state of the program. In functional programming, functions are treated as first-class citizens, meaning that they can be bound to names (including local Identifier (computer languages), identifiers), passed as Parameter (computer programming), arguments, and Return value, returned from other functions, just as any other data type can. This allows programs to be written in a Declarative programming, d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ML (programming Language)
ML (Meta Language) is a general-purpose, high-level, functional programming language. It is known for its use of the polymorphic Hindley–Milner type system, which automatically assigns the data types of most expressions without requiring explicit type annotations ( type inference), and ensures type safety; there is a formal proof that a well-typed ML program does not cause runtime type errors. ML provides pattern matching for function arguments, garbage collection, imperative programming, call-by-value and currying. While a general-purpose programming language, ML is used heavily in programming language research and is one of the few languages to be completely specified and verified using formal semantics. Its types and pattern matching make it well-suited and commonly used to operate on other formal languages, such as in compiler writing, automated theorem proving, and formal verification. Overview Features of ML include a call-by-value evaluation strategy, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rocq (software)
The Rocq Prover (previously known as Coq) is an proof assistant, interactive theorem prover first released in 1989. It allows the expression of mathematical assertions, mechanical checking of proofs of these assertions, assists in finding formal proofs using proof automation routines and extraction of a certified program from the constructive proof of its formal specification. Rocq works within the theory of the ''calculus of inductive constructions'', a derivative of the ''calculus of constructions''. Rocq is not an automated theorem prover but includes automatic theorem proving tactics (Subroutine, procedures) and various Decidability (logic), decision procedures. The Association for Computing Machinery awarded Thierry Coquand, Gérard Huet, Christine Paulin-Mohring, Bruno Barras, Jean-Christophe Filliâtre, Hugo Herbelin, Chetan Murthy, Yves Bertot, and Pierre Castéran with the 2013 ACM Software System Award for Rocq (when it was still named Coq). Overview When viewed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Damien Doligez
Damien Doligez is a French academic and programmer. He is best known for his role as a developer of the OCaml system, especially its garbage collector. He is a research scientist ('' chargé de recherche'') at the French government research institution INRIA. Activities In 1990, Doligez and Xavier Leroy built an implementation of Caml (called Caml Light) based on a bytecode interpreter with a fast, sequential garbage collector, and began to extend it with support for concurrency. In 1996, Doligez was part of the team that built the first version of OCaml, and has been a core maintainer of the language since (as of April 2023). In 1994, Hal Finney issued a challenge on the cypherpunk mailing to read an encrypted SSLv2 session. Doligez used spare computers at Inria, ENS and École polytechnique to break it after scanning half the key space in 8 days. He came in a close second in the competition, with the winning team announcing their result just two hours earlier. Since 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structural Typing
A structural type system (or property-based type system) is a major class of type systems in which type compatibility and equivalence are determined by the type's actual structure or definition and not by other characteristics such as its name or place of declaration. Structural systems are used to determine if types are equivalent and whether a type is a subtype of another. It contrasts with ''nominative systems'', where comparisons are based on the names of the types or explicit declarations, and ''duck typing'', in which only the part of the structure accessed at runtime is checked for compatibility. Description In ''structural typing'', an element is considered to be compatible with another if, for each feature within the second element's type, a corresponding and identical feature exists in the first element's type. Some languages may differ on the details, such as whether the ''features'' must match in name. This definition is not symmetric, and includes subtype compati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modular Programming
Modular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent, interchangeable modules, such that each contains everything necessary to execute only one aspect or "concern" of the desired functionality. A module interface expresses the elements that are provided and required by the module. The elements defined in the interface are detectable by other modules. The implementation contains the working code that corresponds to the elements declared in the interface. Modular programming is closely related to structured programming and object-oriented programming, all having the same goal of facilitating construction of large software programs and systems by decomposition into smaller pieces, and all originating around the 1960s. While the historical usage of these terms has been inconsistent, "modular programming" now refers to the high-level decomposition of the code of an entire program into pieces: structured progra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Inference
Type inference, sometimes called type reconstruction, refers to the automatic detection of the type of an expression in a formal language. These include programming languages and mathematical type systems, but also natural languages in some branches of computer science and linguistics. Nontechnical explanation In a typed language, a term's type determines the ways it can and cannot be used in that language. For example, consider the English language and terms that could fill in the blank in the phrase "sing _." The term "a song" is of singable type, so it could be placed in the blank to form a meaningful phrase: "sing a song." On the other hand, the term "a friend" does not have the singable type, so "sing a friend" is nonsense. At best it might be metaphor; bending type rules is a feature of poetic language. A term's type can also affect the interpretation of operations involving that term. For instance, "a song" is of composable type, so we interpret it as the thing created ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Institute For Research In Computer Science And Automation
The National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology (Inria) () is a French national research institution focusing on computer science and applied mathematics. It was created under the name French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (IRIA) () in 1967 at Rocquencourt near Paris, part of Plan Calcul. Its first site was the historical premises of SHAPE (central command of NATO military forces), which is still used as Inria's main headquarters. In 1980, IRIA became INRIA. Since 2011, it has been styled ''Inria''. Inria is a Public Scientific and Technical Research Establishment (EPST) under the double supervision of the French Ministry of National Education, Advanced Instruction and Research and the Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry. Administrative status Inria has nine research centers distributed across France (in Bordeaux, Grenoble- Inovallée, Lille, Lyon, Nancy, Paris- Rocquencourt, Rennes, Saclay, and Sophia Antipolis) an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Static Typing
In computer programming, a type system is a logical system comprising a set of rules that assigns a property called a ''type'' (for example, integer, floating point, string) to every '' term'' (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Usually the terms are various language constructs of a computer program, such as variables, expressions, functions, or modules. A type system dictates the operations that can be performed on a term. For variables, the type system determines the allowed values of that term. Type systems formalize and enforce the otherwise implicit categories the programmer uses for algebraic data types, data structures, or other data types, such as "string", "array of float", "function returning boolean". Type systems are often specified as part of programming languages and built into interpreters and compilers, although the type system of a language can be extended by optional tools that perform added checks using the language's original type syntax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strong And Weak Typing
In computer programming, one of the many ways that programming languages are colloquially classified is whether the language's type system makes it strongly typed or weakly typed (loosely typed). However, there is no precise technical definition of what the terms mean and different authors disagree about the implied meaning of the terms and the relative rankings of the "strength" of the type systems of mainstream programming languages. For this reason, writers who wish to write unambiguously about type systems often eschew the terms "strong typing" and "weak typing" in favor of specific expressions such as " type safety". Generally, a strongly typed language has stricter typing rules at compile time, which implies that errors are more likely to happen during compilation. Most of these rules affect variable assignment, function return values, procedure arguments and function calling. Dynamically typed languages (where type checking happens at run time) can also be strongly typed. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
