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Nuclear Receptor Co-repressor 2
The nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 () is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor-interacting domains. In addition, NCOR2 appears to recruit histone deacetylases to DNA promoter regions. Hence NCOR2 assists nuclear receptors in the down regulation of target gene expression. NCOR2 is also referred to as a silencing mediator for retinoid or thyroid-hormone receptors (SMRT) or T3 receptor-associating cofactor 1 (TRAC-1). Function NCOR2/SMRT is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several modulatory functional domains including multiple autonomous repression domains as well as two or three C-terminal nuclear receptor-interacting domains. NCOR2/SMRT serves as a repressive coregulatory factor (corepressor) for multiple transcription factor pathways. In this regard, NCOR2/SMRT functions as a platform protein, facilitating the recruitment of histone deacetylases to the DNA promoters bound by its interacting transcription factors. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transcription Coregulator
In molecular biology and genetics, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes. Transcription coregulators that activate gene transcription are referred to as coactivators while those that repress are known as corepressors. The mechanism of action of transcription coregulators is to modify chromatin structure and thereby make the associated DNA more or less accessible to transcription. In humans several dozen to several hundred coregulators are known, depending on the level of confidence with which the characterisation of a protein as a coregulator can be made. One class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second ATP dependent class modifies the conformation of chromatin. Histone acetyltransferases Nuclear DNA is normally tightly wrapped around histones rendering the DNA inaccessible to the general transc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Histone Deacetylase 5
Histone deacetylase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''HDAC5'' gene. Function Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class II histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family. It possesses histone deacetylase activity and represses transcription when tethered to a promoter. It coimmunoprecipitates only with HDAC3 family member and might form multicomplex proteins. It also interacts with myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) proteins, resulting in repression of MEF2-dependent genes. This gene is thought to be associated with colon cancer. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. AMP-activated protein kinase regulation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 occurs by phosphorylation of HDAC5. HDAC5 is involved in memory ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SIN3A
Paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SIN3A'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional regulatory protein. It contains paired amphipathic helix (PAH) domains, which are important for protein-protein interactions and may mediate repression by the Mad-Max complex. Interactions SIN3A has been shown to interact with: * CABIN1 * HBP1, * HDAC1, * HDAC9, * Histone deacetylase 2, * Host cell factor C1, * IKZF1, * ING1, * KLF11, * MNT, * MXD1, * Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2, * Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2, * OGT, * PHF12, * Promyelocytic leukemia protein, * RBBP4, * RBBP7, * SAP130, * SAP30, * SMARCA2, * SMARCA4, * SMARCC1, * SUDS3, * TAL1, and * Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16. See also * Transcription coregulator In molecular biology and genetics, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha
Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-α), also known as NR1B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group B, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''RARA'' gene. NR1B1 is a gene with a protein product and has a chromosomal location of 17q21.2. RARA codes for the nuclear hormone receptor Retinoic Acid Receptor, Alpha subtype, and are themselves transcription factors. There are another 2 subtypes of RARs, Beta subtype, and Gamma subtype. Function Retinoid signaling is transduced by 2 families of nuclear receptors, retinoic acid receptor ( RAR) and retinoid X receptor ( RXR), which form RXR/RAR heterodimers. In the absence of ligand, DNA-bound RXR/RARA represses transcription by recruiting the corepressors NCOR1, SMRT ( NCOR2), and histone deacetylase. When ligand binds to the complex, it induces a conformational change allowing the recruitment of coactivators, histone acetyltransferases, and the basic transcription machinery. Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RUNX1T1
Protein CBFA2T1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RUNX1T1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a putative zinc finger transcription factor and oncoprotein. In acute myeloid leukemia, especially in the M2 subtype, the t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation is one of the most frequent karyotypic abnormalities. The translocation produces a chimeric gene made up of the 5'-region of the RUNX1 gene fused to the 3'-region of this gene. The chimeric protein is thought to associate with the nuclear corepressor/histone deacetylase complex to block hematopoietic differentiation. Several transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been found for this gene. Interactions RUNX1T1 has been shown to interact with: * CBFA2T2, * CBFA2T3, * Calcitriol receptor * GFI1, * Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1, * Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2, * PRKAR2A, and * Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 is a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RELA
Transcription factor p65 also known as nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RELA'' gene. RELA, also known as p65, is a REL-associated protein involved in NF-κB heterodimer formation, nuclear translocation and activation . NF-κB is an essential transcription factor complex involved in all types of cellular processes, including cellular metabolism, chemotaxis, etc. Phosphorylation and acetylation of RELA are crucial post-translational modifications required for NF-κB activation. RELA has also been shown to modulate immune responses, and activation of RELA is positively associated with multiple types of cancer. Gene and expression RELA, or v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A, is also known as p65 or NFKB3. It is located on chromosome 11 q13, and its nucleotide sequence is 1473 nucleotide long. RELA protein has four isoforms, the longest and the predominant one being 551 amino acids. RELA is expressed along ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RBPJ
Recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin kappa J region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RBPJ'' gene. RBPJ also known as CBF1, is the human homolog for the Drosophila gene Suppressor of Hairless. Its promoter region is classically used to demonstrate Notch1 signaling. Interactions RBPJ has been shown to interact with: * NOTCH1 * NCOR2, * PCAF, * SND1, * SNW1, and *SOX18 Transcription factor SOX-18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SOX18'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the SOX (SRY-related HMG-box) family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of embryonic development .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * {{NLM content Transcription factors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) (also known as MYL, RNF71, PP8675 or TRIM19) is the protein product of the PML gene. PML protein is a tumor suppressor protein required for the assembly of a number of nuclear structures, called PML-nuclear bodies, which form amongst the chromatin of the cell nucleus. These nuclear bodies are present in mammalian nuclei, at about 1 to 30 per cell nucleus. PML-NBs are known to have a number of regulatory cellular functions, including involvement in programmed cell death, genome stability, antiviral effects and controlling cell division. PML mutation or loss, and the subsequent dysregulation of these processes, has been implicated in a variety of cancers. History PML was poorly understood until described in the findings of Grignani ''et al'' in their 1996 study of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). It was found that the karyotype of 90% of APL patients included a reciprocal translocation, resulting in the fusion of the Retinoic A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Progesterone Receptor
The progesterone receptor (PR), also known as NR3C3 or nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 3, is a protein found inside cells. It is activated by the steroid hormone progesterone. In humans, PR is encoded by a single ''PGR'' gene residing on chromosome 11q22, it has two isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, that differ in their molecular weight. The PR-B is the positive regulator of the effects of progesterone, while PR-A serve to antagonize the effects of PR-B. Mechanism Progesterone is necessary to induce the progesterone receptors. When no binding hormone is present the carboxyl terminal inhibits transcription. Binding to a hormone induces a structural change that removes the inhibitory action. Progesterone antagonists prevent the structural reconfiguration. After progesterone binds to the receptor, restructuring with dimerization follows and the complex enters the nucleus and binds to DNA. There transcription takes place, resulting in formation of messenger RNA that is tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Delta
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-delta), or (PPAR-beta), also known as Nuclear hormone receptor 1 (NUC1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''PPARD'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. It was first identified in ''Xenopus'' in 1993. Function PPAR-delta is a nuclear hormone receptor that governs a variety of biological processes and may be involved in the development of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer. In muscle PPARD expression is increased by exercise, resulting in increased oxidative (fat-burning) capacity and an increase in type I fibers. Both PPAR-delta and AMPK agonists are regarded as exercise mimetics. In adipose tissue PPAR-β/δ increases both oxidation as well as uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. PPAR-delta may function as an integrator of transcription repression and nuclear receptor signaling. It act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
POU2F1
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POU2F1'' gene. Interactions POU2F1 has been shown to interact with: * EPRS, * Glucocorticoid receptor, * Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, * Host cell factor C1, * Ku80, * MNAT1 * NPAT, * Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2, * POU2AF1, * RELA, * Retinoid X receptor alpha, * SNAPC4, * Sp1 transcription factor, and * TATA binding protein. See also * Octamer transcription factor Octamer transcription factors are a protein family, family of transcription factors which binds to the "ATTTGCAT" Nucleic acid sequence, DNA sequence. Their DNA-binding domain is a POU domain. There are eight Octamer proteins in humans (Oct1–11) ... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * {{Transcription factors, g3 POU-domain proteins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nerve Growth Factor IB
The nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1 for "nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1") also known as Nur77, TR3, and NGFI-B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NR4A1'' gene. Nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) is a member of the ''NR4A'' nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. NR4A1 is involved in cell cycle mediation, inflammation and apoptosis. Nuclear receptor 4A1 plays a key role in mediating inflammatory responses in macrophages. In addition, subcellular localization of the NR4A1 protein appears to play a key role in the survival and death of cells. Expression is inducible by phytohemagglutinin in human lymphocytes and by serum stimulation of arrested fibroblasts. Translocation of the protein from the nucleus to mitochondria induces apoptosis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. Structure The ''NR4A1'' gene contains seven exons. An amino terminal transactivation domain is encoded in exon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |