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NSA Suite B Cryptography
NSA Suite B Cryptography was a set of cryptographic algorithms promulgated by the National Security Agency as part of its Cryptographic Modernization Program. It was to serve as an interoperable cryptographic base for both unclassified information and most classified information. Suite B was announced on 16 February 2005. A corresponding set of unpublished algorithms, Suite A, is "used in applications where Suite B may not be appropriate. Both Suite A and Suite B can be used to protect foreign releasable information, US-Only information, and Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI)." In 2018, NSA replaced Suite B with the Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite (CNSA). Suite B's components were: * Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with key sizes of 128 and 256 bits. For traffic flow, AES should be used with either the Counter Mode (CTR) for low bandwidth traffic or the Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) mode of operation for high bandwidth traffic (see Block cipher modes of o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Promulgation
Promulgation is the formal proclamation or the declaration that a new statute, statutory or administrative law is enacted after its final Enactment of a bill, approval. In some jurisdiction (area), jurisdictions, this additional step is necessary before the law can take effect. After a new law is approved, it is announced to the public through the publication of government gazettes and/or on official government bulletins. National laws of extraordinary importance to the public may be announced by the head of state or head of government on a national broadcast. Local laws are usually announced in local newspapers and published in bulletins or compendium, compendia of municipal regulations. Jurisdiction-specific details Armenia Bills are enacted by the President of Armenia and published in the ''Hayastani Hanrapetutyun, Official Gazette of Armenia''. Belgium Statutes are promulgated by the King of the Belgians and published in the ''Belgian Official Journal''. Decrees and Ordin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IETF
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a standards organization for the Internet standard, Internet and is responsible for the technical standards that make up the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). It has no formal membership roster or requirements and all its participants are volunteers. Their work is usually funded by employers or other sponsors. The IETF was initially supported by the federal government of the United States but since 1993 has operated under the auspices of the Internet Society, a non-profit organization with local chapters around the world. Organization There is no membership in the IETF. Anyone can participate by signing up to a working group mailing list, or registering for an IETF meeting. The IETF operates in a bottom-up task creation mode, largely driven by working groups. Each working group normally has appointed two co-chairs (occasionally three); a charter that describes its focus; and what it is expected to produce, and when. It is open ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Committee On National Security Systems
The Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) is a United States intergovernmental organization that sets policies for the security of the US security systems. The CIA triad ( data confidentiality, data integrity, and data availability) are the three main security goals of CNSS. History The Committee dates its establishment back to 1953, under the name of U.S. Communications Security Board (USCSB). Under the name National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Committee (NSTISSC) the committee was established by the National Security Directive 42, "National Policy for the Security of National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems", dated 5 July 1990. On October 16, 2001, President George W. Bush signed Executive Order 13231, the Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age, re-designating NSTISSC as the Committee on National Security Systems. Activities The CNSS holds discussions of policy issues, sets national policy, direc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NSA Cryptography
The vast majority of the National Security Agency's work on encryption is classified, but from time to time NSA participates in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms. The NSA has categorized encryption items into four product types, and algorithms into two suites. The following is a brief and incomplete summary of public knowledge about NSA algorithms and protocols. Type 1 Product A Type 1 Product refers to an NSA endorsed classified or controlled cryptographic item for classified or sensitive U.S. government information, including cryptographic equipment, assembly or component classified or certified by NSA for encrypting and decrypting classified and sensitive national security information when appropriately keyed. Type 2 Product A Type 2 Product refers to an NSA endorsed unclassified cryptographic equipment, assemblies or components for sensitive but unclassified U.S. government information. Type 3 Product Unclassifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FIPS 140-2
The Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-2, (FIPS PUB 140-2), is a United States, U.S. government of the United States, government computer security standardization, standard used to approve Cryptographic module, cryptographic modules. The title is ''Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules''. Initial publication was on May 25, 2001, and was last updated December 3, 2002. Its successor, FIPS 140-3, was approved on March 22, 2019, and became effective on September 22, 2019. FIPS 140-3 testing began on September 22, 2020, and the first FIPS 140-3 validation certificates were issued in December 2022. FIPS 140-2 testing was still available until September 21, 2021 (later changed for applications already in progress to April 1, 2022), creating an overlapping transition period of more than one year. FIPS 140-2 test reports that remain in the CMVP queue will still be granted validations after that date, but all FIPS 140-2 validations will be moved to the Histor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Computing
A quantum computer is a computer that exploits quantum mechanical phenomena. On small scales, physical matter exhibits properties of wave-particle duality, both particles and waves, and quantum computing takes advantage of this behavior using specialized hardware. Classical physics cannot explain the operation of these quantum devices, and a scalable quantum computer could perform some calculations Exponential growth, exponentially faster than any modern "classical" computer. Theoretically a large-scale quantum computer could post-quantum cryptography, break some widely used encryption schemes and aid physicists in performing quantum simulator, physical simulations; however, the current state of the art is largely experimental and impractical, with several obstacles to useful applications. The basic unit of information in quantum computing, the qubit (or "quantum bit"), serves the same function as the bit in classical computing. However, unlike a classical bit, which can be in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post-quantum Cryptography
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms (usually public-key algorithms) that are currently thought to be secure against a cryptanalytic attack by a quantum computer. Most widely-used public-key algorithms rely on the difficulty of one of three mathematical problems: the integer factorization problem, the discrete logarithm problem or the elliptic-curve discrete logarithm problem. All of these problems could be easily solved on a sufficiently powerful quantum computer running Shor's algorithm or possibly alternatives. As of 2024, quantum computers lack the processing power to break widely used cryptographic algorithms; however, because of the length of time required for migration to quantum-safe cryptography, cryptographers are already designing new algorithms to prepare for Y2Q or Q-Day, the day when current algorithms will be vulnerable to quantum computin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman
Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) is a key agreement protocol that allows two parties, each having an Elliptic curve, elliptic-curve public–private key pair, to establish a shared secret over an insecure channel. This shared secret may be directly used as a key, or to Key derivation function, derive another key. The key, or the derived key, can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a Symmetric-key algorithm, symmetric-key cipher. It is a variant of the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, Diffie–Hellman protocol using elliptic-curve cryptography. Key establishment protocol The following example illustrates how a shared key is established. Suppose Alice and Bob, Alice wants to establish a shared key with Alice and Bob, Bob, but the only channel available for them may be eavesdropped by a third party. Initially, the Elliptic curve cryptography#Domain parameters, domain parameters (that is, (p, a, b, G, n, h) in the prime case or (m, f(x), a, b, G, n, h) in the bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Security Clearance
A United States security clearance is an official determination that an individual may access information classified by the United States Government. Security clearances are hierarchical; each level grants the holder access to information in that level and the levels below it. The US president can declassify previously classified information, following a detailed process. Gaining access For people that require a security clearance to get access to classified information, an in-depth background investigation is conducted primarily by the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency, and the recipient signs a nondisclosure agreement. As of 2017, certain government officials (but not their staff) are granted access to classified information needed to do their jobs without a background check: members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives for committee work, federal judges and state supreme court judges for adjudicating cases, and state governors. Attorneys representi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ECMQV
MQV (Menezes–Qu–Vanstone) is an authentication, authenticated protocol (cryptography), protocol for key agreement based on the Diffie–Hellman scheme. Like other authenticated Diffie–Hellman schemes, MQV provides protection against an active attacker. The protocol can be modified to work in an arbitrary finite group, and, in particular, elliptic curve groups, where it is known as elliptic curve MQV (ECMQV). MQV was initially proposed by Alfred Menezes, Minghua Qu and Scott Vanstone in 1995. It was later modified in joint work with Laurie Law and Jerry Solinas. There are one-, two- and three-pass variants. MQV is incorporated in the public-key standard IEEE P1363 and NIST's SP800-56A standard. Some variants of MQV are claimed in patents assigned to Certicom. ECMQV has been dropped from the National Security Agency's NSA Suite B, Suite B set of cryptographic standards. __TOC__ Description Alice has a key pair (A,a) with A her public key and a her private key and Bob has th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ECC Patents
ECC may refer to: Education * ECC (eikaiwa), a Japanese English teaching company * Eastern Christian College, in Bel Air, Maryland, United States; defunct * El Camino College, in Alondra Park, California, United States * Elgin Community College, in Illinois, United States * Erie Community College, in Williamsville, New York, United States * Essex County College, in New Jersey, United States * Eveland Christian College, in San Mateo, Isabela * Ewing Christian College, in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Government and politics * Economic Coordination Committee (Pakistan), of the Government of Pakistan * End Conscription Campaign, a former South African anti-apartheid organization * European civil code * European Commodity Clearing, the energy clearing house for the European Energy Exchange * Electronic Communications Committee of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations * Electronic Communications Convention, a treaty aiming at facilitat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
