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North Atlantic Treaty
The North Atlantic Treaty, also known as the Washington Treaty, forms the legal basis of, and is implemented by, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. Background The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949 by a committee which was chaired by US diplomat Theodore Achilles. Earlier secret talks had been held at the Pentagon between 22 March and 1 April 1948, of which Achilles said: The talks lasted about two weeks and by the time they finished, it had been secretly agreed that there would be a treaty, and I had a draft of one in the bottom drawer of my safe. It was never shown to anyone except Jack Hickerson">John_D._Hickerson.html" ;"title="nowiki/>John D. Hickerson">Hickerson I wish I had kept it, but when I left the Department in 1950, I dutifully left it in the safe and I have never been able to trace it in the archives. It drew heavily on the Rio Treaty, and a bit of the Brussels Treaty, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ratification
Ratification is a principal's legal confirmation of an act of its agent. In international law, ratification is the process by which a state declares its consent to be bound to a treaty. In the case of bilateral treaties, ratification is usually accomplished by exchanging the requisite instruments, and in the case of multilateral treaties, the usual procedure is for the depositary to collect the ratifications of all states, keeping all parties informed of the situation. The institution of ratification grants states the necessary time-frame to seek the required approval for the treaty on the domestic level and to enact the necessary legislation to give domestic effect to that treaty. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutions in federal states such as the United States and Canada. The term is also used in parliamentary procedure in deliberative assemblies. Contract law In contract law, the need for ratification often arises in two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lester B
Lester is an ancient Anglo-Saxon surname and given name. People Given name * Lester Bangs (1948–1982), American music critic * Lester Oliver Bankhead (1912–1997), American architect * Lester W. Bentley (1908–1972), American artist from Wisconsin * Lester Bird (1938–2021), second prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda (1994–2004) * Lester D. Boronda (1886–1953), American painter, furniture designer, sculptor * Lester Cotton (born 1996), American football player * Lester del Rey (1915–1993), American science fiction author and editor * Lester Ellis (born 1965), Australian former professional boxer * Lester Flatt (1914–1979), American bluegrass musician * Lester Gillis (1908–1934), better known as Baby Face Nelson, American gangster * Les Gold (born 1950), American pawnbroker and reality TV star * Lester Holt (born 1959), American television journalist * Lester Charles King (1907–1989), English geomorphologist * Lester Lanin (1907–2004), American j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halvard Lange
Halvard Manthey Lange (16 September 1902 – 19 May 1970) was a Norwegian politician and diplomat, who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1946-1963 and again from 1963-1965. He was also the longest serving Foreign Minister to date, having served a total of 19 years. He became a member of the Labour Party in 1927. Two years later, in 1929, he earned a Master of Arts degree. He worked as a teacher 1930-35 and lectured at the University of Oslo 1935-38. He was arrested by the Nazi German occupying forces in 1942 and spent the rest of the war in various concentration camps. He was the Norwegian foreign minister from 1946 till 1965, except for a month in 1963 during the administration of John Lyng. Just before taking the job of foreign minister, he became a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in 1945; although he went on leave in 1946, when he took up the foreign minister's job, he remained officially on the committee until 1948. He was viewed as "right-wing" p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eelco Van Kleffens
Eelco Nicolaas van Kleffens (17 November 1894 – 17 June 1983) was a Dutch politician and diplomat. Biography Eelco van Kleffens descended from an old Frisian family of public servants. He was the son of Henricus Cato and Jeannette Frésine (Veenhoven) van Kleffens. His younger brother Adrianus van Kleffens would later become a judge at the European Court of Justice. He married Margaret Helen Horstmann on 4 April 1935. After receiving a Doctor of Laws degree from Leiden University, van Kleffens worked in the Secretariat of the League of Nations. He became secretary to the Directorate of Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. in 1920. He was appointed Assistant Director of the Legal Section of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1922 and of the Diplomatic Section in 1927, becoming Director of the latter in 1929. In the early 1930s he was also Secretary-General of The Hague Academy of International Law. Van Kleffens was appointed the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1939, weeks ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirk Stikker
Dirk Uipko Stikker (5 February 1897 – 23 December 1979) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of the defunct Liberal State Party (LSP), co-founder of the defunct Freedom Party (PvdV) and of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), and businessman. Stikker was known for his abilities as a manager and negotiator. Stikker continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until his death. He holds the distinction as the first Secretary General of NATO from the Netherlands. Biography Early life Born in Winschoten, he studied law at the University of Groningen. After his studies he began a career in the banking sector. In 1935, he became the director of Heineken International, the famous beer company. He held this post until 1948. In 1945, he was among the organizers of the Stichting van de Arbeid (Dutch Labour Foundation), thus helping to lay the foundation for post-war collective bargaining in the Netherlands. Career From 1922 until 1926, Stikker worked ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hugues Le Gallais
Hugues Le Gallais (1896–1964) was a Luxembourgish diplomat. Le Gallais was born in Dommeldange on 15 May 1896. He attended the University of Liège, Belgium, and received further technical education at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. He died in Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ... on 23 December 1964. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Gallais, Hugues Le Ambassadors of Luxembourg to the United States Permanent representatives of Luxembourg to NATO Permanent representatives of Luxembourg to the Organization of American States 1896 births 1964 deaths ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Bech
Joseph Bech (17 February 1887 – 8 March 1975)Thewes, Guy"Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché depuis 1848." Service information et presse. Luxembourg: Imprimerie Centrale, 2011. was a Luxembourgish politician and lawyer. He was the prime minister of Luxembourg, serving for eleven years, from 16 July 1926 to 5 November 1937. He returned to the position after World War II, and served for another four years, from 29 December 1953 until 29 March 1958. The 1982–1983 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. Career Bech studied law at Fribourg and Paris before he received his doctorate in law in 1912, and qualified as a lawyer in 1914. The same year, on 30 June, he was elected to the Luxembourgish Chamber of Deputies for the newly founded Party of the Right, representing the Canton of Grevenmacher. On 15 April 1921, Bech was appointed to Émile Reuter's cabinet, holding the positions of Director-General for the Interior and Director-General for Education ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alberto Tarchiani
Mario Alberto Tarchiani (11 November 1885 – 30 November 1964) was an Italian journalist, politician, and diplomat. Biography Born in Rome, Tarchiani studied at La Sapienza, at the University of Genoa and at the University of Florence, and started working as a journalist in 1903. In 1907 he moved to New York, where he edited the weekly magazine ''Il Cittadino''. In 1915 he returned to Italy to serve as a voluntary in the Italian Army in World War I. In 1919 he was employed by '' Corriere della Sera'', remaining there until 1925, when because of his opposition to Fascism he was forced to emigrate in France.Aldo Garosci (1949).Tarchiani, Alberto. ''Enciclopedia Italiana - II Appendice''. Treccani. In Paris, Tarchiani was among the founders of ''Giustizia e Libertà'' and collaborated to the newspaper '' La giovine Italia''. Following the 1940 German invasion of France, he moved to New York where he was secretary of the Mazzini Society in which he was actively worked with his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlo Sforza
Count Carlo Sforza (24 January 1872 – 4 September 1952) was an Italian nobility, Italian nobleman, diplomat and Anti-fascism, anti-fascist politician. Life and career Sforza was born in Lucca, the second son of Count Giovanni Sforza (1846-1922), an archivist and noted historian from Montignoso, Tuscany, and Elisabetta Pierantoni, born in a family of rich silk merchants. His father was a descendant of the Counts of Castel San Giovanni, an illegitimate branch of the House of Sforza who had ruled the Duchy of Milan in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. At the death of his older brother in 1936, Carlo inherited the hereditary title of Count granted to their father in 1910. The Count was a member of the ancient House of Sforza, Sforza dynasty, descendant from a branch of the List of dukes of Milan, Dukes of Milan, and related to the Pallavicini family as well as other Italian nobility, Italian noble families, such as the Medici and Orsini family, Orsini. His wife, Gaston E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thor Thors
Thor Thors (26 November 1903 – 11 January 1965) was an Icelandic lawyer, ambassador in the US, and Iceland's first Permanent Representative at the United Nations. He was the son of Thor Jensen, the influential entrepreneur, counting among his siblings the leading Icelandic politician Ólafur Thors. Life Thor graduated from Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík and was the president of its student society '' Framtíðin'' in 1921. He graduated in law from the University of Iceland and undertook postgraduate studies in economics in Cambridge and Paris before deciding to work as the director of the family fishing company Kveldúlfur hf. Thor did this from 1927 to 1934. From 1933 to 1941 he was a member of the Icelandic parliament for the Independence Party for the Snæfell constituency. In 1940 he served as the Icelandic ambassador in the US and from 1946 to 1965 he was Iceland's first Permanent Representative to the United Nations. In 1952, he presented the gavel, called Thor's g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908)
Bjarni Benediktsson (; 30 April 1908 – 10 July 1970) was an Icelandic politician of the Independence Party who served as prime minister of Iceland from 1963 to 1970. He was born to (1877–1954), a leader in the independence movement of Iceland and a member of the Althingi from 1908 to 1931, and Guðrún Pétursdóttir frá Engey, a nationally renowned poet. Bjarni studied constitutional law and became a professor at the University of Iceland at age 24. He was elected to the city council in Reykjavík in 1934 as a member of the Independence Party and from 1940 to 1947 was mayor of the city. In 1947 he became Foreign Minister and served in various posts in cabinets until 1956. Bjarni was mainly responsible for Iceland joining NATO in 1949, against significant opposition, and for giving the United States Air Force a lease on Keflavík Airport near Reykjavík, which was of major strategic importance during the Cold War. Bjarni was caricatured by the Nobel prize winning wr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henri Bonnet
Henri Bonnet (26 May 1888 Châteauponsac (Haute-Vienne) – 25 October 1978 Paris) was a French politician, diplomat, and List of French ambassadors to the United States, French ambassador to the United States from 1944 to 1954. The son of J. Th. and Marie Thérèse (Lascoux) Bonnet; he was educated at the Lycées of Tours and Paris; the University of Paris; École Normale Supérieure, Paris 1921. He was married to Hellé Zervoudaki. He was foreign editor for "Ere Nouvelle" in 1919; Director, International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, 1931-40. He was a member of the secretariat of the League of Nations from 1921 to 1931. He was Information Commissioner in the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN), and the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF), from 3 June to 9 September 1944. He was named, after the official recognition of GFRP by the United States, the representative of France in Washington. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
