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New Swabia
New Swabia ( Norwegian and ) was an area of Antarctica explored, with the intention to claim it, by Nazi Germany between 1938 and 1939, within the Norwegian territorial claim of Queen Maud Land. The region was named after the expedition's ship, , itself named after the German region of Swabia.McGonigal, David, Antarctica', frances lincoln ltd, 2009, , p. 367 Although the name "New Swabia" is occasionally mentioned in historical contexts, it is not an officially recognized cartographic name in modern use. The area is now part of Queen Maud Land, governed under the Antarctic Treaty System. Geography New Swabia is divided into an ice-covered northern foreland, which gradually rises from the coast and the edge of the ice shelf to over 1,000 m ( Ritscher Upland and Helle Slope). To the south, it is followed by a region of nunataks rising from the ice and mountain ranges with heights over 3,000 m. These mountain ranges dam up the glaciers of the polar plateau to over 2,000 m. The high ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protectorate
A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a State (polity), state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its internal affairs, while still recognizing the suzerainty of a more powerful sovereign state without being a possession. In exchange, the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations depending on the terms of their arrangement. Usually protectorates are established de jure by a treaty. Under certain conditions—as with History of Egypt under the British#Veiled Protectorate (1882–1913), Egypt under British rule (1882–1914)—a state can also be labelled as a de facto protectorate or a veiled protectorate. A protectorate is different from a colony as it has local rulers, is not directly possessed, and rarely experiences colonization by the suzerain state. A state that is under the protection of another state while retai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brunt Ice Shelf
The Brunt Ice Shelf borders the Antarctic coast of Coats Land between Dawson-Lambton Glacier and Stancomb-Wills Glacier Tongue. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee after David Brunt, British meteorologist, Physical Secretary of the Royal Society, 1948–57, who was responsible for the initiation of the Royal Society Expedition to this ice shelf in 1955. It was the location of the base of the Royal Society Expedition, 1955–59 which was taken over as the British Halley Research Station. The Brunt Icefalls () extend along Caird Coast for about , where the steep ice-covered coast descends to Brunt Ice Shelf. The icefalls were discovered on 5 November 1967, in the course of a United States Navy Squadron VXE-6 flight over the coast in LC-130 aircraft, and was plotted by the United States Geological Survey from air photos obtained at that time. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in association with the Brunt Ice Shelf. Calving events ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhizocarpon Geographicum
''Rhizocarpon geographicum'' (the map lichen) is a species of lichen, which grows on rocks in mountainous areas of low air pollution. Each lichen is a flat patch bordered by a black line of fungal hyphae. These patches grow adjacent to each other, leading to the appearance of a map or a patchwork field. When circular, or roughly circular, the diameter of this lichen species has been widely used to help determining the relative age of deposits, e.g. moraine systems, thus revealing evidence of glacial advances. The process is termed lichenometry. This technique is generally attributed to the work of Roland Beschel in the Alps. Lichenometry is based on the assumption that the largest lichen growing on a rock is the oldest individual. Generally, the five largest lichen thalli diameters are taken, although several statistical methods have been used. If the growth rate is known, the maximum lichen size will give a minimum age for when this rock was deposited. The growth rate curve, a g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lecidea Aptrootii
''Lecidea aptrootii'' is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecideaceae. Described as a new species in 2018, it is found in northwestern Pakistan, where it grows on exposed siliceous rocks. This lichen forms a thin crust that breaks into irregular, tile-shaped patches coloured greenish-grey to pale brown, and produces frequent black, disc-shaped fruiting bodies up to 1.5 mm wide with thin raised rims. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2018 by Memoona Khan, Abdul Khalid, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch. The type specimen was collected in the Gabin Jabba valley (Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) at an altitude of . This area has a moist temperate climate, with snowfall during winter and much rainfall during summer. The species epithet honours the Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot, who suggested to the authors that the taxon might represent a new species. Molecular studies have shown that ''Lecidea aptrootii'' is cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria ( ) are a group of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis. The name "cyanobacteria" () refers to their bluish green (cyan) color, which forms the basis of cyanobacteria's informal common name, blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are probably the most numerous taxon to have ever existed on Earth and the first organisms known to have produced oxygen, having appeared in the middle Archean eon and apparently originated in a freshwater or terrestrial environment. Their photopigments can absorb the red- and blue-spectrum frequencies of sunlight (thus reflecting a greenish color) to split water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen. The hydrogen ions are used to react with carbon dioxide to produce complex organic compounds such as carbohydrates (a process known as carbon fixation), and the oxygen is released as a byproduct. By continuously producing and releasing oxygen over billions of years, cyanobacte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichens
A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), mutualistic relationship.Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms . University of California Museum of Paleontology. . Lichens are the lifeform that first brought the term symbiosis (as ''Symbiotismus'') into biological context. Lichens have since been recognized as important actors in nutrient cycling and producers which many higher trophic feeders feed on, such as reindeer, gastropods, nematodes, mites, and springtails. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulothrix
''Ulothrix'' is a genus of green algae in the family Ulotrichaceae. It is a common in fresh to marine habitats, particularly colder and temperate waters. It has a cosmopolitan distribution. The genus includes: * '' Ulothrix aequalis'' Guiry, M.D., John, D.M., Rindi, F and McCarthy, T.K. (ed.) 2007. ''New Survey of Clare Island Volume: The Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae''. Royal Irish Academy. . * ''Ulothrix moniliformis'' * '' Ulothrix flacca'' Burrows, E.M. 1991. ''Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 2: Chlorophyta''. Natural History Museum, London . * '' Ulothrix implexa'' * '' Ulothrix speciosa'' * '' Ulothrix tenerrima'' * '' Ulothrix tenuissima'' * '' Ulothrix zonata'' Description ''Ulothrix'' consists of cells arranged end-to-end to form unbranched, uniseriate filaments. The filament is attached to a substrate via a basal cell, which may be rhizoidal. Cells are cylindrical or barrel-shaped; the apical cell may somewhat rounded at its terminal end. The cell w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prasiola
''Prasiola'' is a genus of macroscopic green algae, found in a variety of habitats ranging from terrestrial, freshwater, to marine. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, ranging from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Plants belonging to the genus ''Prasiola'' were first described by John Lightfoot in 1777 in his series ''Flora Scotica'', as the name ''Ulva crispa''. In 1838, Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini circumscribed the genus. Species of ''Prasiola'' are edible and are often harvested for food, particularly '' Prasiola japonica'', in countries such as Japan and Myanmar. Description ''Prasiola'' forms single-layered blades which may range in shape from fan-shaped, ribbon-shaped, to wedge-shaped and may or may not have a distinct stipe. In some species, plants start as uniseriate, unbranched filaments or thin ribbons. Blades may be attached to a substrate or may be freely floating or lying. Individual cells are quadrangular, and arranged in regular rows, sometimes gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gruber Mountains
The Gruber Mountains (German: Otto-von-Gruber-Gebirge) are a small group of mountains consisting of a main massif and several rocky outliers, forming the northeast portion of the Wohlthat Mountains in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were discovered and plotted from air photos by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (GerAE), 1938–39, under Alfred Ritscher. The mountains were remapped by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60, who named them for Otto von Gruber, the German cartographer who compiled maps of this area from air photos taken by the GerAE. This feature is not to be confused with "Gruber-Berge," an unidentified toponym applied by the GerAE in northern the Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains. Named features Several features within the Gruber Mountain range have been charted and named by expeditions and survey groups. Mount Bastei () is a prominent buttress-type mountain high, west of Mount Mentzel. It was discovered and named Bastei, meaning bastion, by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lake Untersee
Lake Untersee ( "Lower Lake") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica. It is situated to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. The lake is approximately long and wide, with a surface area of , and a maximum depth of . The lake is permanently covered with ice and is partly bounded by glacier ice. Lake Untersee is an unusual lake, with pH between 9.8 and 12.1, dissolved oxygen at 150 per cent supersaturation, and very low primary production in the water column. Despite the high oxygen supersaturation in most of the lake, there is a small sub-basin at the southern end that is anoxic, and its sediments may have a higher methane concentration than those of any other known lake on Earth. Much of the primary production is in microbial communities that grow on the floor of the lake as stromatolites. The water temperature varies between and and the ice cover on the lake is thick. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lake Ober-See
Lake Ober-See (, 'Upper Lake') is a permanently-frozen glacial meltwater lake lying between Sjøneset Spur and Mount Seekopf in the Gruber Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. The lake was discovered by the German Antarctic Expedition under Alfred Ritscher, 1938–39. Lake Ober-See is located a few kilometers northeast of Lake Untersee Lake Untersee ( "Lower Lake") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica. It is situated to the southeast of the Schirmacher Oasis. The lake is approximate ... (, "Lower Lake"), a larger lake but similar in most respects to Lake Ober-See, and the best-studied lake in the region. Divers have dived into Lake Ober-See to study its microbial communities. References External links http://spaceref.com/nasa-hack-space/antarctic/dale-andersens-report-from-antarctica-the-shores-of-lake-obersee.html Lakes of Queen Maud Land Princess Astrid Coast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schirmacher Oasis
The Schirmacher Oasis (or Schirmacher Lake Plateau) is a long and up to wide ice-free plateau with more than 100 freshwater lakes. It is situated in the Schirmacher Hills on the Princess Astrid Coast in Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica and is, on average, above sea level. With an area of , the Schirmacher Oasis ranks among the smallest Antarctic oases and is a typical polar desert. Geography The oasis is located between the edge of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and the ''Novolazarevskaya Nivl Ice Shelf''. The approximately high plateau of the Schirmacher Oasis is a barrier to the northwards-running ice stream. On the northern edge of the oasis are so-called epishelf lakes, bays separated from the ocean which are connected with the ocean underneath the surface of the ice. Thus, tidal effects can be observed in the lakes. The epishelf lakes can contain either mere freshwater or saltwater which is overlaid by freshwater. The Antarctic Ice Sheet, southwards of the Schirmacher Oasi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
