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Nazi Repressions Against The Population Of Grudziądz In 1939
Nazi repressions against the population of Grudziądz in 1939 refers to the mass repressions imposed by Nazi German occupiers on the population of Grudziądz in the autumn of 1939. As part of the "political cleansing of the territory" campaign, officers of the ''Einsatzgruppen'' (operational groups) and members of the paramilitary ''Selbstschutz'' arrested several thousand residents of Grudziądz and surrounding areas. At least 300 people were killed in secret and public executions carried out within the city or on the nearby Księże Góry. Most victims were representatives of the Polish social and intellectual elite, as well as individuals of Jewish nationality. Beginning of the German occupation Grudziądz was captured by ''Wehrmacht'' units on 4 September 1939. Following the regular army, officers of '' Einsatzgruppe V'' – led by ''SS-Standartenführer'' Ernst Damzog – entered the city.Specifically, a subunit of this group, ''Einsatzkommando 1/V'', operated in Grudzi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grudziądz
Grudziądz (, ) is a city in northern Poland, with 92,552 inhabitants (2021). Located on the Vistula River, it lies within the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the fourth-largest city in its province. Grudziądz is one of the oldest cities in north-central Poland, founded by King Bolesław I the Brave over 1000 years ago. The well-preserved Old Town has various Gothic architecture, Gothic and Baroque architecture, Baroque landmarks, several included on the European Route of Brick Gothic, most notably the unique Grudziądz Granaries, declared a List of Historic Monuments (Poland), Historic Monument of Poland. Grudziądz is a former royal city of Poland, and became known as the "City of Uhlans" being the location of the former Polish Cavalry Training Centre. Situated at the crossroads of important Highways in Poland, highways, it is a city of industry and services, and a noted centre for water sports and motorcycle speedway racing. Geographical location Grudziądz is locat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-E10600, Graudenz, Jubelnde Menschen Neben Panzer IV
The German Federal Archives or Bundesarchiv (BArch) (, lit. "Federal Archive") are the national archives of Germany. They were established at the current location in Koblenz in 1952. They are subordinated to the Federal Commissioner for Culture and the Media (Claudia Roth since 2021) under the German Chancellery, and before 1998, to the Federal Ministry of the Interior. On 6 December 2008, the Archives donated 100,000 photos to the public, by making them accessible via Wikimedia Commons. History The federal archive for institutions and authorities in Germany, the first precursor to the present-day Federal Archives, was established in Potsdam, Brandenburg in 1919, a later date than in other European countries. This national archive documented German government dating from the founding of the North German Confederation in 1867. It also included material from the older German Confederation and the Imperial Chamber Court. The oldest documents in this collection dated back to the y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oberbürgermeister
Burgomaster (alternatively spelled burgermeister, ) is the English form of various terms in or derived from Germanic languages for the chief magistrate or executive of a city or town. The name in English was derived from the Dutch . In some cases, burgomaster was the title of the head of state and head of government of a sovereign (or partially or de facto sovereign) city-state, sometimes combined with other titles, such as Hamburg's First Mayor and President of the Senate). Contemporary titles are commonly translated into English as ''mayor''. Historical use * The title "burgermeister" was first used in the early 13th century. * In history (sometimes until the beginning of the 19th century) in many free imperial cities (such as Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, etc.) the function of burgomaster was usually held simultaneously by three persons, serving as an executive college. One of the three being burgomaster in chief for a year (called in some cases in ; in ''presiding burg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grudziądz County
Grudziądz County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Grudziądz, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in Grudziądz County are Łasin, which lies east of Grudziądz, and Radzyń Chełmiński, south-east of Grudziądz. The county covers an area of . As of 2019 its total population is 40,181, out of which the population of Łasin is 3,254, that of Radzyń Chełmiński is 1,847, and the rural population is 35,080. Neighbouring counties Apart from the city of Grudziądz, Grudziądz County is also bordered by Kwidzyn County to the north, Iława County, Nowe Miasto County and Brodnica County to the east, Wąbrzeźno County to the south, and Chełmno County and Świecie County ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Landrat
The Landrat () is the chief administrative officer of a German ''Landkreis'' or ''Kreis'' and thus the highest municipal official. In most states they are also the lower state administrative authority (so-called "dual position" of the Landrat). They represent the ''Kreis'' externally and are elected in most States of Germany directly. History The title ' was adopted for the lowest administrative authorities in individual small German states, namely in Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, as well as in the Imperial County of Reuss and in the Schwarzburg principalities (Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen). In the Kingdom of Bavaria, where with their introduction in right-wing districts since 1828 Landräte elected, the assembly appointed to represent a was called . In Mecklenburg, the eight representatives of the native or received nobility in the ständisches Direktorium were called Landrats. Two Landrats belonged to the ' of the Knight ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)
The Pomeranian Voivodeship or Pomorskie Voivodeship () was an administrative unit of Second Polish Republic, Interwar-Poland (from 1919 to 1939). It ceased to function in September 1939, following the Nazi Germany, German and Soviet Union, Soviet Invasion of Poland (1939), invasion of Poland. Most of the territory of Pomeranian province became part of the current Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, of which one of two capitals is the same as the interwar voivodeship's Toruń; the second one is Bydgoszcz. The name ''Pomerania'' derives from the Slavic languages, Slavic ''po more'', meaning "by the sea" or "on the sea". History This was a unit of administration and local government in the Republic of Poland (''II Rzeczpospolita'') established in 1919 after World War I from the majority of the Prussian province of West Prussia (made out of territories taken in Partitions of Poland which was returned to Poland. Toruń was the capital. In 1938–1939, the voivodeship extended to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intelligentsia
The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers. Conceptually, the intelligentsia status class arose in the late 18th century, during the Partitions of Poland (1772–1795). Etymologically, the 19th-century Polish intellectual Bronisław Trentowski coined the term (intellectuals) to identify and describe the university-educated and professionally active social stratum of the patriotic bourgeoisie; men and women whose intellectualism would provide moral and political leadership to Poland in opposing the cultural hegemony of the Russian Empire. Before the Russian Revolution, the term () identified and described the status class of university-educated people whose cultural capital (schooling, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gestapo
The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Free State of Prussia, Prussia into one organisation. On 20 April 1934, oversight of the Gestapo passed to the head of the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS), Heinrich Himmler, who was also appointed Chief of German Police by Hitler in 1936. Instead of being exclusively a Prussian state agency, the Gestapo became a national one as a sub-office of the (SiPo; Security Police). From 27 September 1939, it was administered by the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). It became known as (Dept) 4 of the RSHA and was considered a sister organisation to the (SD; Security Service). The Gestapo committed widespread atrocities during its existence. The power of the Gestapo was used to focus upon political opponents, ideological dissenters (clergy and religious org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Einsatzkommando 16
During World War II, the Nazi German ' were a sub-group of the ' (mobile killing squads) – up to 3,000 men total – usually composed of 500–1,000 functionaries of the SS and Gestapo, whose mission was to exterminate Jews, Polish intellectuals, Romani people, Romani, and communists in the captured territories often far behind the advancing German front.Thomas Urban, reporter of the Süddeutsche Zeitung; Polish text in Rzeczpospolita, Sept 1–2, 2001 ''Einsatzkommandos'', along with ''Schutzstaffel#SS-Sonderkommandos, Sonderkommandos'', were responsible for the systematic murder of Jews during the aftermath of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. After the war, several commanders were tried in the Einsatzgruppen trial, convicted, and executed. Organization of the ''Einsatzgruppen'' ''Einsatzgruppen'' () were paramilitary groups originally formed in 1938 under the direction of Reinhard Heydrich – Chief of the Sicherheitsdienst, SD, and ''Sicherheitspolizei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grupa, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Grupa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dragacz, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Dragacz, north-east of Świecie, north of Toruń, and north-east of Bydgoszcz. It is located within the historic region of Pomerania. History Grupa was a private village within the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish Crown, owned by various Szlachta, Polish nobles, incl. the Kopycki and Żelisławski families, administratively located in the Świecie County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772), Pomeranian Voivodeship. During the Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), German occupation of Poland (World War II), from September to December 1939, Grupa was the site of large massacres of Polish people, Poles from the Świecie County, carried out by the Germans as part of the ''Intelligenzaktion Pommern''. The Germans burned bodies of the victims in attempt to cover up the crime.Wardzyńska, p. 167 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mniszek, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Mniszek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dragacz, within Świecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Dragacz, north-east of Świecie, north of Toruń, and north-east of Bydgoszcz. Mniszek is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie. History Following the German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ... in September 1939, the village was occupied by Germany until 1945. About 10,000 Polish civilians were murdered near Mniszek by the Germans. There is a memorial at the site. In 1945, the settlement was captured by the Soviets, who then looted the local factory, taking away equipment, semi-finished goods and scrap me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mischling
(; ; ) was a pejorative legal term which was used in Nazi Germany to denote persons of mixed " Aryan" and "non-Aryan", such as Jewish, ancestry as they were classified by the Nuremberg racial laws of 1935. In German, the word has the general denotation of ' hybrid', ' mongrel', or ' half-breed'. Outside its use in official Nazi terminology, the term ('mixed children') was later used to refer to war babies born to non-white soldiers and German mothers in the aftermath of World War II. Nazi definitions of Mischling Nazis relied on one's ancestors' religious backgrounds to determine whether someone was of "German or related blood" ("Aryan") or a "Jew" ("non-Aryan"). Thus, the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 defined a "full Jew" (''Istjude'' or ''Volljude'' in Nazi terminology) as a person – regardless of religious affiliation or self-identification – who had at least three grandparents who had been enrolled with a Jewish congregation or were married to a Jewish spouse. A perso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
