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Naturalism (other)
Naturalism may refer to: Arts * Realism ** Naturalism (literature), a literary movement beginning in the late 19th century ** Naturalism (theatre), a movement in European drama and theatre ** Poetic naturalism, an approach of Sean M. Carroll Philosophy * Naturalism (philosophy), the idea that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe ** Humanistic naturalism, a branch of philosophical naturalism ** Liberal naturalism, a heterodox form of philosophical naturalism ** Metaphysical naturalism, a philosophical basis for science ** Religious naturalism – combines a naturalist worldview with ideals associated with many religions ** Spiritual naturalism – combines a naturalist approach with spiritual ways of looking at the world ** Transcendental naturalism – combines a naturalist approach with the idea that human cognition is fundamentally incapable of solving certain philosophical problems * Ethical naturalism, or moral naturalism * Dialectical naturalism, a te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Realism (arts)
Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to Representation (arts), represent subject-matter truthfully, without artificiality, exaggeration, or speculative fiction, speculative or supernatural elements. The term is often used interchangeably with naturalism, although these terms are not necessarily synonymous. Naturalism, as an idea relating to visual representation in Western art, seeks to depict objects with the least possible amount of distortion and is tied to the development of linear perspective and illusionism in Renaissance Europe. Realism, while predicated upon naturalistic representation and a departure from the idealization of earlier academic art, often refers to a Realism (art movement), specific art historical movement that originated in France in the aftermath of the French Revolution of 1848. With artists like Gustave Courbet capitalizing on the mundane, ugly or sordid, realism was motivated by the renewed interest in the commoner and the rise of leftist polit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Political Naturalism
Political naturalism is a political ideology and legal system positing that there is a natural law, just and obvious to all, which crosses ideologies, faiths, and personal thinking, and that naturally guaranties justice. It is first explicitly mentioned in Aristotle's ''Politics''. It is inspired by sociological naturalism, and methodological naturalism's belief that the precision of natural sciences can be applied to social sciences, and hence to practical social activities like politics and law. It may be seen as a natural law-based version of legalism and constitutionalism, especially of prescriptive constitutionalism in the way it tries to make a constitution how it should justly be. It also bears relation with many constitutional monarchies, which believe in rule of the law and in certain things who are naturally correct like monarchy and monarchic institutions and traditions. The roots of political naturalism may be found in positive visions of natural law (like John Locke's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Naturism (other)
Naturism is a lifestyle and cultural movement advocating social nudity. Naturism may also refer to: * Naturalism (philosophy), the idea that only natural laws operate in the universe (see also Metaphysical naturalism) * Nature worship Nature worship, also called naturism or physiolatry, is any of a variety of religious, spiritual and devotional practices that focus on the worship of a nature deity, considered to be behind the natural phenomena visible throughout nature. A n ..., the religious and devotional practices that focus on natural phenomena * , a late 19th-century French literary movement See also * Naturalism (other) {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Naturalness (other)
Naturalness may refer to: * Naturalness (physics) * Naturalness (philosophy) * ''Naturalness'' (Dal Shabet EP), 2016 * Ziran ''Ziran'' ( zh, t=自然) is a key concept in Daoism that literally means "of its own; by itself" and thus "naturally; natural; spontaneously; freely; in the course of events; of course; doubtlessly". This Chinese word is a two-character comp ..., or Naturalness, a key concept in Daoism See also * Naturalism (other) * Nature (other) {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Naturalism (horse)
Naturalism (19 October 1988 – 13 July 2018) was a New Zealand-bred Australian-trained thoroughbred horse racing, racehorse. Background Foaled in New Zealand on 19 October 1988, Naturalism was a bay stallion sired by Palace Music (horse), Palace Music, a Kentucky-bred, French-trained racehorse who won the Champion Stakes in 1984. At stud, Palace Music (Naturalism's sire) was best known as the sire of the American champion Cigar (horse), Cigar. Naturalism was purchased as a yearling for Australian dollar, A$35,000 by Anthony Freedman. Racing career Naturalism's wins included three Group One races. According to the Freedman brothers website, Lee Freedman rated Naturalism as one of the five best horses he ever trained. The website also says that "Probably his greatest performance was his second in the Japan Cup, as he wasn't really a 2400m horse." Naturalism died at Meringo Stud, New South Wales, Australia, on 13 July 2018. References 1988 racehorse births 2018 racehors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Naturalistic Observation
Naturalistic observation, sometimes referred to as fieldwork, is a research methodology in numerous fields of science including ethology, anthropology, linguistics, the social sciences, and psychology, in which data are collected as they occur in nature, without any manipulation by the observer. Examples range from watching an animal's eating patterns in the forest to observing the behavior of students in a school setting. During naturalistic observation, researchers take great care using unobtrusive methods to avoid interfering with the behavior they are observing. Naturalistic observation contrasts with analog observation in an artificial setting that is designed to be an analog of the natural situation, constrained so as to eliminate or control for effects of any variables other than those of interest. There is similarity to observational studies in which the independent variable of interest cannot be experimentally controlled for ethical or logistical reasons. Naturalistic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Naturalist
Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is called a naturalist or natural historian. Natural history encompasses scientific research but is not limited to it. It involves the systematic study of any category of natural objects or organisms, so while it dates from studies in the ancient Greco-Roman world and the mediaeval Arabic world, through to European Renaissance naturalists working in near isolation, today's natural history is a cross-discipline umbrella of many specialty sciences; e.g., geobiology has a strong multidisciplinary nature. Definitions Before 1900 The meaning of the English term "natural history" (a calque of the Latin ''historia naturalis'') has narrowed progressively with time, while, by contrast, the meaning of the related term "nature" has widened (see also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Critical Naturalism
Ram Roy Bhaskar (; 15 May 1944 – 19 November 2014) was an English philosopher of science who is best known as the initiator of the philosophical movement of critical realism (CR). Bhaskar argued that the task of science is "the production of the knowledge of those enduring and continually active mechanisms of nature that produce the phenomena of the world", rather than the discovery of quantitative laws, and that experimental science makes sense only if such mechanisms exist and operate outside the lab as well as inside it. Roy Bhaskar is certainly the most prominent advocate for "critical realism," but he did not initiate either the term or the concept. The term was used earlier by Donald Campbell (1974/1988, p. 432), and the concept of combining ontological realism and epistemological constructivism goes back at least to Herbert Blumer (1969). Bhaskar went on to apply that realism about mechanisms and causal powers to the philosophy of social science, and he also elabo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sociological Naturalism
Sociological naturalism is a theory that states that natural and society are roughly identical and governed by similar principles. In sociological texts, it is simply referred to as naturalism and can be traced back to the philosophical thinking of Auguste Comte in the 19th century. It is closely connected to positivism, which advocates use of the scientific method of the natural sciences in studying social sciences. At the same time, it should not be identified too closely with positivism, since whilst the latter advocates the use of controlled situations like experiments as sources of scientific information, naturalism insists that social processes should only be studied in their natural setting. A similar form of naturalism was applied to the scientific study of art and literature by Hippolyte Taine. Contemporary sociologists do not generally dispute that social phenomena take place within the natural universe, and thus are subject to natural constraints, such as the laws of p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
School Of Naturalists
The School of Naturalists or the School of Yin-Yang () was a Warring States-era philosophy that synthesized the concepts of yin-yang and the Five Elements. It was one of the Nine Schools of Thought. History The School of Naturalists did not have any one ethos and came from separate schools. K.C. Hsiao believed that they were an off-shoot of Confucianism, but the discovery of the Mawangdui Silk Texts includes various Daoistic texts. Overview Chinese philosopher Zou Yan (; 305240 BCE) is considered the founder of the school, and is the best known as the representative thinker of the Yin and Yang School (or School of Naturalists) during the Hundred Schools of Thought era in Chinese philosophy. Zou Yan was a noted scholar of the Jixia Academy in the state of Qi. Joseph Needham, a British biochemist and sinologist, describes Zou as "The real founder of all Chinese scientific thought."Needham, Joseph. 1978. The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China. Colin A. Ronan, ed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Dialectical Naturalism
Murray Bookchin (; January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American social theorist, author, orator, historian, and political philosopher. Influenced by G. W. F. Hegel, Karl Marx, and Peter Kropotkin, he was a pioneer in the environmental movement. Bookchin formulated and developed the theory of social ecology and urban planning within anarchist, libertarian socialist, and ecological thought. He was the author of two dozen books covering topics in politics, philosophy, history, urban affairs, and social ecology. Among the most important were ''Our Synthetic Environment'' (1962), '' Post-Scarcity Anarchism'' (1971), '' The Ecology of Freedom'' (1982), and ''Urbanization Without Cities'' (1987). In the late 1990s, he became disenchanted with what he saw as an increasingly apolitical " lifestylism" of the contemporary anarchist movement, stopped referring to himself as an anarchist, and founded his own libertarian socialist ideology called " communalism", which seeks to reco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
