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NATO EPVAT Testing
NATO EPVAT testing is one of the three recognized classes of procedures used in the world to control the safety and quality of firearms ammunition. Beside this, there are also the ''Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives'' (C.I.P.) class of procedures and the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) class of procedures. EPVAT Testing is described in unclassified documents by NATO, more precisely by the AC/225 Army Armaments Group (NAAG). It was accepted as NATO Standardization Agreement STANAG 4823 and Allied Engineering Publication 97 (AEP-97) in November 2020. EPVAT is an abbreviation for "Electronic Pressure, Velocity and Action Time" (French "Pression électronique, vitesse et durée d'action"). Action Time here means the (short amount of) time required between the ignition of the primer and the projectile leaving the barrel. This is a comprehensive procedure for testing ammunition using state-of-the-art instrum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartridges Comparison
Cartridge may refer to: Objects * Cartridge (firearms), a type of modern ammunition * ROM cartridge, a removable component in an electronic device * Cartridge (respirator), a type of filter used in respirators * Ink cartridge, a component for inkjet printers that contains the ink * The Construction of electronic cigarettes, liquid storage component of a vaporizer * Magnetic cartridge, an electromechanical transducer, commonly called a 'pickup', used to play records on a turntable Other uses * Donald Cartridge (1933–2015), English cricketer and educator * Cartridge Creek, a creek near Fresno, California, United States See also * * {{Disambiguation, geo, surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kistler Group
Kistler Group (legal name: Kistler Instrumente AG), headquartered in Winterthur, is an internationally active Swiss group of companies specializing in the field of measurement technology. The Kistler Group has around 2,000 employees at more than 60 locations worldwide. In 2024, it generated sales of 448 million Swiss francs. Approximately 9% of revenue flows back into research and technology every year. History The company was founded by Walter P. Kistler and Hans Conrad Sonderegger in 1959 as the Kistler Instrument Corporation, but the enterprise started in 1950 when Walter Kistler patented a charge amplifier he developed. In 1959, the company became active on the stock market. Since 1961 the company started the in-house production of charge amplifiers and the development of other sensors. The company made several major innovations, some of which would be put to use in the Apollo manned spaceflights. Walter Kistler left the company in 1970 and moved to Seattle, Washington. Fie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deutsche Versuchs- Und Prüfanstalt Für Jagd- Und Sportwaffen
The German Experimental and Test Institute for Hunting and Sporting Firearms (founded 26 November 1888) (German ''Deutsche Versuchs- und Prüfanstalt für Jagd- und Sportwaffen e.V.''), usually shortened DEVA, is a German manufacturer's association whose purpose is to provide independent advice and testing for firearms and ammunition. DEVA conducts its work independently, and is co-owned by most German firearm manufacturers, such as Blaser, Heckler & Koch, Heym, Mauser, Merkel, Sauer, etc. DEVA today consists of two branches, one in Dune, Altenbeken and one on Stahnsdorfer Damm, Berlin. History In the 1880s, the transformation from black to smokeless powder propellants also took place in the civilian sector. The handling and production of firearms and ammunition turned out to be complicated and little explored. As a result, there was a growing desire among hunters for an independent advisory and testing center for civilian firearms. In 1888, the predecessor of DEVA was founded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overpressure Ammunition
Overpressure ammunition, commonly designated as +P or +P+ (pronounced Plus-P or Plus-P-Plus), is small arms ammunition that has been loaded to produce a higher internal pressure when fired than is standard for ammunition of its caliber (see internal ballistics), but less than the pressures generated by a Proof shot#Firearms, proof round. This is done typically to produce ammunition with higher muzzle velocity, muzzle energy, and stopping power, such as ammunition used for Security forces, security, Self-defense#Armed, defensive, or hunting purposes. Because of this, +P ammunition is typically found in handgun calibers which might be used for Paramilitary, paramilitary forces, Security guard, armed security, and Defensive gun use, defensive purposes. +P vs. magnum cartridges List of Magnum cartridges, Magnum cartridges, such as the .357 Magnum, are usually developed by greatly increasing the working pressure of an existing cartridge, and the resulting cartridges are typically diffe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Small Arms Ammunition Pressure Testing
Small arms ammunition pressure testing is used to establish standards for maximum average peak pressures of chamberings, as well as determining the safety of particular loads for the purposes of new load development. In metallic cartridges, peak pressure can vary based on propellant used, primers used, charge weight, projectile type, projectile seating depth, neck tension, chamber throat/lead parameters. In shotshells, the primary factors are charge weight, projectile weight, wad type, hull construction, and crimp quality. Modern civilian test methodologies The two modern standardized test methodologies in use are the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives or C.I.P. methodology, and the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute or SAAMI methodology. The SAAMI methodology is widely used in the United States, while C.I.P. is widely used in European C.I.P. member states. While both modern methodologies use piezo pressure tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NATO Cartridge (other)
NATO cartridge may refer to: * Small arms ** 9×19mm NATO (STANAG 4090) ** 4.6×30mm NATO (STANAG 4820) ** 5.7×28mm NATO (STANAG 4509) ** 5.56×45mm NATO (STANAG 4172) ** 7.62×51mm NATO (STANAG 2310) ** 12.7×99mm NATO (STANAG 4383) ** 40 mm grenade (×46 mm LV, ×51 mm MV, ×53 mm HV) * Autocannons ** 20×102mm (STANAG 3585), 20 mm caliber ** 25×137mm (STANAG 4173), 25 mm caliber ** 27×145mmB (STANAG 3820), 27 mm caliber ** 30×173mm (STANAG 4624), 30 mm caliber ** 35x228mm (STANAG 4516), 35mm caliber * Tank guns ** 105×617mmR (STANAG 4458) ** 120×570mmR (STANAG 4385) * Artillery ** 105 mm (STANAG 4425) ** 155 mm The 155 mm calibre is widely used for artillery guns. Land warfare Historic calibres France - 1874 The caliber originated in France after the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). A French artillery committee met on 2 February 1874 to dis ... (STANAG 4425) File:9x19mm Parabellum.svg, 9×19mm File:4,6 x 30.svg, 4.6×30mm File:FN round 1.png, 5.7×2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Army CCDC Armaments Center
The United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Armaments Center (CCDCAC), or Armaments Center, headquartered at Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey, is the US Army's primary research and development arm for armaments and munitions. Besides its Picatinny headquarters, the Armaments Center has three other research facilities, including Benét Laboratories. The Armaments Center works to develop more advanced weapons using technologies such as microwaves, lasers and nanotechnology. The Armaments Center was established in February 2019, when it was aligned with the United States Army Futures Command along with its senior organization, the United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command. Armaments Center was called the U.S. Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC). The Armaments Center is the R&D center for armaments used by the U.S. Army, United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM), and other U.S. military organizations. It is one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butterworth Filter
The Butterworth filter is a type of signal processing filter designed to have a frequency response that is as flat as possible in the passband. It is also referred to as a maximally flat magnitude filter. It was first described in 1930 by the British engineer and physicist Stephen Butterworth in his paper entitled "On the Theory of Filter Amplifiers". Original paper Butterworth had a reputation for solving very complex mathematical problems thought to be 'impossible'. At the time, filter design required a considerable amount of designer experience due to limitations of the theory then in use. The filter was not in common use for over 30 years after its publication. Butterworth stated that: Such an ideal filter cannot be achieved, but Butterworth showed that successively closer approximations were obtained with increasing numbers of filter elements of the right values. At the time, filters generated substantial ripple in the passband, and the choice of component values was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bessel Filter
In electronics and signal processing, a Bessel filter is a type of analog linear filter with a maximally flat Group delay and phase delay, group delay (i.e., maximally linear phase response), which preserves the wave shape of filtered signals in the passband. Bessel filters are often used in audio crossover systems. The filter's name is a reference to German mathematician Friedrich Bessel (1784–1846), who developed the mathematical theory on which the filter is based. The filters are also called Bessel–Thomson filters in recognition of W. E. Thomson, who worked out how to apply Bessel functions to filter design in 1949. The Bessel filter is very similar to the Gaussian filter, and tends towards the same shape as filter order increases. While the time-domain step response of the Gaussian filter has zero overshoot (signal), overshoot, the Bessel filter has a small amount of overshoot, but still much less than other common frequency-domain filters, such as Butterworth filters. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filter (signal Processing)
In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a Signal (electronics), signal. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequency, frequencies or frequency bands. However, filters do not exclusively act in the frequency domain; especially in the field of image processing many other targets for filtering exist. Correlations can be removed for certain frequency components and not for others without having to act in the frequency domain. Filters are widely used in electronics and telecommunication, in radio, television, audio recording, radar, control systems, music synthesis, image processing, computer graphics, and structural dynamics. There are many different bases of classifying filters and these overlap in many different ways; there is no simple hierarchical classification. Fil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overpressure Ammunition
Overpressure ammunition, commonly designated as +P or +P+ (pronounced Plus-P or Plus-P-Plus), is small arms ammunition that has been loaded to produce a higher internal pressure when fired than is standard for ammunition of its caliber (see internal ballistics), but less than the pressures generated by a Proof shot#Firearms, proof round. This is done typically to produce ammunition with higher muzzle velocity, muzzle energy, and stopping power, such as ammunition used for Security forces, security, Self-defense#Armed, defensive, or hunting purposes. Because of this, +P ammunition is typically found in handgun calibers which might be used for Paramilitary, paramilitary forces, Security guard, armed security, and Defensive gun use, defensive purposes. +P vs. magnum cartridges List of Magnum cartridges, Magnum cartridges, such as the .357 Magnum, are usually developed by greatly increasing the working pressure of an existing cartridge, and the resulting cartridges are typically diffe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
50 Browning
5 (five) is a number, numeral (linguistics), numeral and numerical digit, digit. It is the natural number, and cardinal number, following 4 and preceding 6, and is a prime number. Humans, and many other animals, have 5 Digit (anatomy), digits on their Limb (anatomy), limbs. Mathematics 5 is a Fermat prime, a Mersenne prime exponent, as well as a Fibonacci number. 5 is the first congruent number, as well as the length of the hypotenuse of the smallest integer-sided right triangle, making part of the smallest Pythagorean triple (3, 4, 5). 5 is the first safe prime and the first good prime. 11 forms the first pair of sexy primes with 5. 5 is the second Fermat number, Fermat prime, of a total of five known Fermat primes. 5 is also the first of three known Wilson primes (5, 13, 563). Geometry A shape with five sides is called a pentagon. The pentagon is the first regular polygon that does not Tessellation, tile the Plane (geometry), plane with copies of itself. It is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
