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Muslim Conquest Of Transoxiana
The Muslim conquest of Transoxiana, also called the Arab conquest of Transoxiana, was part of the early Muslim conquests. It began shortly after the Muslim conquest of Persia enabled the Arabs to enter Central Asia. Relatively small-scale incursions had taken place under the Rashidun Caliphate, but it was not until after the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate that an organized military effort was made to conquer Transoxiana, a region that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. The campaign continued under the Abbasid Caliphate, and gradually saw the Islamization of the region. Background: Transoxiana before the Arab conquest The Arabs of the developing Rashidun Caliphate first reached Central Asia in the decade after their decisive victory in the Battle of Nahavand in 642, when they Muslim conquest of Persia, completed their conquest of the former Sasanian Empire by seizing Sistan and Greater Khorasan, Khorasan. Merv, Marw, the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samarkand
Samarkand ( ; Uzbek language, Uzbek and Tajik language, Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand, ) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia. Samarkand is the capital of the Samarkand Region and a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlements Kimyogarlar, Farxod, Farhod and Xishrav, Khishrav. With 551,700 inhabitants (2021), it is the List of cities in Uzbekistan, third-largest city in Uzbekistan. There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city dating from the late Paleolithic Era. Though there is no direct evidence of when Samarkand was founded, several theories propose that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Prospering from its location on the Silk Road between East Asia, China, Persia and Europe, at times Samarkand was one of the largest cities in Central Asia,Guidebook of history of Samarkand", and was an important city of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferghana Kingdom
The Principality of Farghana (also spelled ''Ferghana'', ''Fergana'', and ''Fargana'') was a local Iranian peoples, Iranian dynasty of Sogdian origin, which ruled the Fergana Valley, Farghana region from an unknown date to 819. The rulers of the region were known by their titles of "''ikhshid''" and "''dehqan''". The capital of the principality was Ahsiket, Akhsikath. History The principality of Farghana was under Western Turk rule until it was destroyed by Tang China in 657 and after that under the Anxi Protectorate. It was invaded by the Umayyad Arab general Qutayba ibn Muslim during the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana. Farghana, along with Khujand, was shortly raided after Qutayba's victory over Gurak. In 715, Qutayba completely subdued Farghana, and made it a vassal state of the Umayyad Caliphate. During the reign of the Umayyad caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 715–717), the ''ikhshid'' ("king") of Farghana revolted against Umayyad authority, but was shortly defeated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khatun Of Bukhara
Khatun of Bukhara (died 689) was a queen regent of Bukhara from before 674 until 689, during the minority of her son Tughshada of Bukhara. She was of Irano-Turkic origin. Her name is unknown and she is known simply as the Khatun of Bukhara ("Queen of Bukhara"). She was married to Bidun of Bukhara, and the mother of Tughshada of Bukhara. When Bidun of Bukhara died, Khatun became regent of Bukhara during the minority of their son Tughshada. An account described how the queen left her palace (kakh), in the citadel each morning and each evening to review her nobles and servants, and how she issued her decrees from the throne in Registan Gate. In 673, Ubaydullah bin Ziyad was appointed governor of Khorasan for the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 674 he invaded Central Asia by crossing the Oxus river with an Umayyad army, conquering and pillaging Ramitin and Paykand.The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. (2012). Storbritannien: Oxford University Press, USA. 218 The queen forged a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Saffah
Abu al-ʿAbbās Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-ʿAbbās (; 721/722 – 8 June 754), known by his laqab, ''laqab'' al-Saffah (), was the first caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates in Islamic history. His ''al-Saffāḥ'' means "the Blood-Shedder". It may refer to his ruthless tactics, or perhaps it was used to intimidate his enemies, It was during his inaugural homage as Caliph, delivered in the Great Mosque of Kufa, that he called himself "''al-Saffah''" ("the Blood-Shedder"), and this title has deservedly stuck to him due to his massacring and hunting down Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyads in cold blood. as it was common in history to adopt such names, an example for this is "Al Abbas" which means a "Lion that scares away other animals". Family origins and earlier history As-Saffāḥ, born in Humeima (modern-day Jordan), was head of one branch of the Hashemite, Banu Hāshim from Arabia, a subclan of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasr Ibn Sayyar
Naṣr ibn Sayyār al-Lāythi al-Kināni (; 663 – 9 December 748) was an Arab general and the last Umayyad governor of Khurasan in 738–748. Nasr played a distinguished role in the wars against the Turgesh, although he failed to decisively confront the rebellion of al-Harith ibn Surayj in its early stages. Although respected as a soldier and a statesman, he owed his appointment as governor more to his obscure tribal background, which rendered him dependent on the caliph. His tenure was nevertheless successful, as Nasr introduced long-overdue tax reforms that alleviated social tension and largely restored and stabilized Umayyad control in Transoxiana, which had been greatly reduced under the Turgesh onslaught. His last years were occupied by inter-tribal rivalries and uprisings, however, as the Umayyad Caliphate itself descended into a period of civil war. In 746 Nasr was driven from his capital by Ibn Surayj and Juday al-Kirmani, but returned after the latter fell out among ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sa'id Ibn Amr Al-Harashi
Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi (, ) was a prominent Arab general and governor of the Umayyad Caliphate, who played an important role in the Arab–Khazar wars. Biography Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi was a Qaysi from Qinnasrin, Syria.Crone (1980), p. 144Blankinship (1994), p. 150 He appears on the side of the Umayyad prince and general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik in 720, when the latter was sent into Iraq to quell Yazid ibn al-Muhallab's rebellion. Umar ibn Hubayra, who was installed as the new governor of Iraq, appointed Sa'id as governor of Basra, and, shortly after (in 722–723), of Khurasan. In this position, Sa'id was able to swiftly restore the Muslim position in Transoxiana, which was threatened by a large-scale Soghdian rebellion and the first attacks of the Turgesh nomads. Sa'id rallied the Muslims and took to the offensive, crushing the Soghdian rebels near Samarkand and then proceeding to capture the important city of Khujand, thereby restoring Muslim control over most of T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Muhallab Ibn Abi Sufra
Abū Saʿīd al-Muhallab ibn Abī Ṣufra al-Azdī (; 702) was an Arab general from the Azd tribe who fought in the service of the Rashidun, Umayyad and Zubayrid caliphs between the mid-640s and his death. He served successive terms as the governor of Fars (685–686), Mosul, Arminiya and Adharbayjan (687–688) and Khurasan (698–702). Al-Muhallab's descendants, known as the Muhallabids, became a highly influential family, many of whose members held high office under various Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs, or became well-known scholars. Throughout his early military career, he participated in the Arab campaigns against the Persians in Fars, Ahwaz, Sistan and Khurasan during the successive reigns of caliphs Umar (), Uthman (), Ali () and Mu'awiya I (). By 680, his tribe, the Azd of Oman, had become a major army faction in the Arabs' Basra garrison, the launchpad for the Persian conquest. Following the collapse of Umayyad rule in Iraq and Khurasan in 683–684, during the S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Hakam Ibn Amr Al-Ghifari
Al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari () (d. 670/71), was a companion of Muhammad, companion of the Prophets and messengers in Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad and the Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad governor of Greater Khorasan, Khurasan and commander of Arab expeditions into Transoxiana (Central Asia) from 665 until his death in Merv. Life Al-Hakam ibn Amr was a son of Amr ibn Mujaddah ibn Hidhyam ibn al-Harith ibn Nu'ayla of the Banu Ghifar, a clan of the Kinana tribe. Al-Hakam was a companions of Muhammad, companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and one of his banner bearers in battle. He settled in Basra, the amsar, Arab garrison town and springboard of the Muslim conquest of Persia, Muslim conquests of the Sasanian Empire established in 636.p=895, note 1649 There was a sparse presence of Ghifar tribesmen in Basra. His brother Rafi was a transmitter of hadith from Muhammad. According to al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri, in 665 Ziyad ibn Abihi, the practical viceroy of Iraq and the eastern Umayy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qutayba Ibn Muslim
Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī (; 669–715/6) was an Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who became governor of Khurasan and distinguished himself in the conquest of Transoxiana during the reign of al-Walid I (705–715). A capable soldier and administrator, he consolidated Muslim rule in the area and expanded the Caliphate's border to include most of Transoxiana. From 705 to , he consolidated Muslim control over the native principalities of Tokharistan and conquered the principality of Bukhara, while in 710–712 he conquered Khwarizm and completed the conquest of Sogdiana with the capture of Samarkand. The latter opened the road to the Jaxartes valley, and during the last years of his life Qutayba led annual campaigns there, extending Muslim control up to the Fergana Valley and parts of Chinese Turkestan. To increase his strained manpower, Qutayba initiated the wide-scale levy of native Khurasani and Transoxianian sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ubayd Allah Ibn Ziyad
Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad () was the Umayyad governor of Basra, Kufa and Khurasan during the reigns of caliphs Mu'awiya I () and Yazid I (), and the leading general of the Umayyad army under caliphs Marwan I () and Abd al-Malik (). He virtually inherited the governorships from his father Ziyad ibn Abihi after the latter's death in 673. During Ubayd Allah's governorship, he suppressed Kharijite and Alid revolts. In the ensuing Battle of Karbala in 680, Husayn ibn Ali and his small retinue were slain by Ubayd Allah's troops, shocking many in the Muslim community. Ubayd Allah is primarily remembered for his role in the killings of members of Ali ibn Abi Talib's family and he has become infamous in Muslim tradition. Ubayd Allah was ultimately evicted from Iraq by the Arab tribal nobility amid the revolt of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. He made it to Syria where he persuaded Marwan I to seek the caliphate and helped galvanize support for the flailing Umayyads. Afterward, he fought at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sa'id Ibn Uthman
Sa'id ibn Uthman ibn Affan al-Umawi (; died ) was an Umayyad general and military governor of Khurasan in 676–677 during the reign of Caliph Mu'awiya I. He was a son of Caliph Uthman () and a one-time seeker of the caliphate in 675/76. During his short term in Khurasan, he launched a campaign deep into Transoxiana and defeated one or two Soghdian armies. He reportedly captured Bukhara and besieged Samarkand, gaining tributary status from the latter, before proceeding to capture Tirmidh. He was dismissed by Mu'awiya, possibly due to concerns that his popularity and battlefield successes had strengthened Sa'id's previous bid to seek the caliphate instead of Mu'awiya's designated successor, Yazid I (). He was killed in Medina by his Soghdian slaves. Life Sa'id was a son of Caliph Uthman () and the latter's wife Fatima bint al-Walid, a scion of the prominent Banu Makhzum clan of the Quraysh. Caliph Mu'awiya I () had partly based his claim to the caliphate on his pursuit of justi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
