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Mujahid's Invasion Of Sardinia
In 1015 and again in 1016, the forces of Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī from the ''taifa'' of Denia and the Balearics, in the east of Muslim Spain (al-Andalus), attacked Sardinia and attempted to establish control over it. In both these years joint expeditions from the maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa repelled the invaders. These Pisan–Genoese expeditions to Sardinia were approved and supported by the Papacy in aid of the sovereign Sardinian medieval kingdoms, known as Judicates, which resisted autonomously after the collapse of the Byzantine rule on the island. Modern historians often see them as proto-Crusades. After their victory, the Italian cities turned on each other. For this reason, the Christian sources for the expedition are primarily from Pisa, which celebrated its double victory over the Muslims and the Genoese with an inscription on the walls of its Duomo. Background Denia had perhaps hosted a naval squadron under the Caliphs of Córdoba in the tenth century; its port ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giudicati Of Sardinia 1
The Judicates (, or in Sardinian language, Sardinian, in Latin language, Latin, or in Italian language, Italian), in English language, English also referred to as Sardinian Kingdoms, Sardinian Judgedoms or Judicatures, were independent states that took power in Sardinia in the Middle Ages, between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries. They were sovereign states with ''summa potestas'', each with a ruler called judge ( in Sardinian), with the powers of a king. Historical causes of the advent of the kingdoms After a relatively brief Vandal Kingdom, Vandal occupation (456–534), Sardinia was a province of the Byzantine Empire from 535 until the eighth century. After 705, with the rapid Spread of Islam, Arab expansion, Saracen pirates from North Africa began to raid the island and encountered no effective opposition by the Byzantine army. In 815, Sardinian ambassadors requested military assistance from the Carolingian Emperor Louis the Pious. In 807, 810–812, and 821–822 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Himyarī
''Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fi khabar al-aqṭār'' (''The Book of the Fragrant Garden'') is a fourteenth-century Arabic geography by al-Ḥimyarī that is a primary source for the history of Muslim Iberia in the Middle Ages, though it is based in part on the earlier account by Muhammad al-Idrisi. Very little is known about the author, except that he was close to the Hafsid dynasty The Hafsid dynasty ( ) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berbers, Berber descentC. Magbaily Fyle, ''Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa'', (University Press of America, 1999), 84. that ruled Ifriqiya (modern day Tu .... It was edited and translated into French by Évariste Lévi-Provençal in 1938 and into Spanish by María Pilar Maestro González in 1963.Maestro González, ''Kitab ar-Rawd al-Mitar'' (Valencia) 1963. Notes {{Islamic geography Geographical works of the medieval Islamic world 15th-century Arabic-language books ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Einhard
Einhard (also Eginhard or Einhart; ; 775 – 14 March 840) was a Franks, Frankish scholar and courtier. Einhard was a dedicated servant of Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious; his main work is a biography of Charlemagne, the ''Vita Karoli Magni'', "one of the most precious literary bequests of the early Middle Ages". Public life Einhard was from the eastern German-speaking part of the Francia, Frankish Kingdom. Born into a family of landowners of some importance, his parents sent him to be educated by the monks of Fulda, one of the most impressive centers of learning in the Frank lands. Perhaps due to his small stature, which restricted his riding and sword-fighting ability, Einhard concentrated his energies on scholarship, especially the mastering of Latin. He was accepted into the hugely wealthy court of Charlemagne around 791 or 792. Charlemagne actively sought to amass scholarly men around him and established a royal school led by the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin. Einhard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carolingian Empire
The Carolingian Empire (800–887) was a Franks, Frankish-dominated empire in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. It was ruled by the Carolingian dynasty, which had ruled as List of Frankish kings, kings of the Franks since 751 and as kings of the Lombards in Italy from 774. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Roman emperor in return for political protection, disregarding the universalist claims of the weakened Byzantine Empire. The Carolingian Empire is sometimes considered the first phase in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. After a Carolingian civil war, civil war from 840 to 843 following the death of Emperor Louis the Pious, the empire was divided into autonomous kingdoms, with one king still recognised as emperor, but with little authority outside his own kingdom. The unity of the empire and the hereditary right of the Carolingians continued to be acknowledged. In 884, Charles the Fat reunited all the Carolingian kingdoms f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Khaldūn
Ibn Khaldun (27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 Hijri year, AH) was an Arabs, Arab Islamic scholar, historian, philosopher and sociologist. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages, and considered by a number of scholars to be a major forerunner of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies. His best-known book, the ''Muqaddimah'' or ''Prolegomena'' ("Introduction"), which he wrote in six months as he states in his autobiography, influenced 17th-century and 19th-century Ottoman historians such as Kâtip Çelebi, Mustafa Naima and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, who used its theories to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman Empire. Ibn Khaldun interacted with Tamerlane, the founder of the Timurid Empire. He has been called one of the most prominent Muslim and Arab scholars and historians. Recently, Ibn Khaldun's works have been compared with those of influential European philosophers such as Niccolò Machiavelli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Hayyān
Abū Marwān Ḥayyān ibn Khalaf ibn Ḥusayn ibn Ḥayyān al-Andalusī al-Qurṭubī () (987–1075), usually known as Ibn Hayyan, was an Arab Muslim historian from Al-Andalus Al-Andalus () was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The name refers to the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most o .... His work provides an early reference to Viking raiders, called ''Majus'' by him. Works The following works are ascribed to Ibn Hayyan: *''Tarikh Fuqaha Qurtuba'' *''Al-Kitab al ladi Jama'a fihi bayna Kitbay al-Qubbashi wa Ibn Afif'' *''Intijab al-Jamil li Ma'athir Banu Khatab'' *''Al-Akhbar fi'l Dawla al-Amiriya'' (in 100 volumes) *''Al-Batsha al-Kubra'' (in ten volumes). *''Al-Muqtabis fi Tarikh al-Andalus'' (in ten volumes) *''Kitab al-Matin''. His best-known works are ''al-Muqtabis'' and ''al-Matin''. References *Abd al-Rahman al-Hajji (ed.), ''Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pechina
Pechina is a municipality of the Province of Almería, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. It is on the site of the ancient town of Urci. Pechina, called ''Bajjāna'' in Arabic, was the centre of a Yemeni colony during the period of the Umayyad caliphate in Spain. Founded before 886, the self-governing colony was known as the ''ursh al-Yaman''. Jews also shared in the prosperity of Pechina. In 922 it was incorporated into the caliphate. It oversaw a '' ribat'' (fortress) and maintained its own navy that could be put use for piracy or official Umayyad campaigns. Between 939 and 944 it took part in four expeditions against the Franks, Idrisids and Fatimids. By 955, it had been eclipsed by Almería Almería (, , ) is a city and municipalities in Spain, municipality of Spain, located in Andalusia. It is the capital of the province of Almería, province of the same name. It lies in southeastern Iberian Peninsula, Iberia on the Mediterranean S ....Hassan Salih Khalilie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sharq Al-Andalus
The Sharq al-Andalus () is defined as the eastern lands of al-Andalus, territories that have lived under a political power of acceptance of Islam as a belief and as a political structure and that geographically would include the territories of Murcia, the Valencian Community, and the Balearic Islands. During the Islamic period, the cartographer al-Idrisi outlined the division between Gharb al-Andalus and Sharq al-Andalus on his maps. Most of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula was carried out through treaties, such as the Treaty of Theodemir (Tudmir to the Arabs), a Visigoth nobleman and lord of extensive lands around Orihuela. Theodemir recognised Muslim sovereignty and agreed to pay tribute in exchange for keeping his properties. History During the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries, Sharq al-Andalus was governed by valis dependent on the emir or caliph of Córdoba. At the beginning of the 11th century, when the caliphate broke up into small independent kingdoms (taifas), t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd-ar-Rahman III
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥakam al-Rabdī ibn Hishām ibn Abd al-Rahman I, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil (; 890–961), or simply ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, was the Umayyad dynasty, Umayyad Emir of Córdoba from 912 to 929, at which point he founded the Caliphate of Córdoba, serving as its first caliph until his death. Abd al-Rahman won the ''laqab'' (sobriquet) () in his early 20s when he supported the Maghrawa Berbers in North Africa against Fatimid expansion and later claimed the title of Caliph for himself. His half-century reign was known for its Freedom of religion, religious tolerance. Life Early years Lineage and appearance Abd al-Rahman was born in Córdoba, Spain, Córdoba, on 18 December 890. His year of birth is also given as 889 and 891. He was the grandson of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, seventh independent Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad emir of al-Andalus. His parents were Abdullah's son Muhamm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balearic Islands
The Balearic Islands are an archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. The archipelago forms a Provinces of Spain, province and Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Spain, with Palma de Mallorca being its capital and largest city. Formerly part of the Kingdom of Majorca, Kingdom of Mallorca, the islands were made a province in the 19th century provincial division, which in 1983 received a Statute of Autonomy of the Balearic Islands, Statute of Autonomy. In its later reform of 2007, the Statute designates the Balearic Islands as one of the ''nationalities and regions of Spain, nationalities'' of Spain. The official Languages of Spain, languages of the Balearic Islands are Catalan language, Catalan and Spanish language, Spanish. The archipelago islands are further grouped in western Pityusic Islands, Pytiuses (the largest being Ibiza and Formentera), and eastern Gymnesian Islands, Gymnesians (the largest bein ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fraxinetum
Fraxinetum or Fraxinet ( or , from Latin ''fraxinus'': " ash tree", ''fraxinetum'': "ash forest") was the site of a Muslim stronghold at the centre of a frontier state in Provence between about 887 and 972. It is identified with modern La Garde-Freinet, near Saint-Tropez. The fortress was established by Muslims from al-Andalus. From this base, the Muslims raided up the Rhône Valley, into Piedmont and as far as the Abbey of Saint Gall. Their main business was slave-raiding of Europeans for export to Islamic markets. For a time, they controlled the passes through the western Alps. They withstood several attempts to oust them, but were finally defeated by the combined forces of the Provençal and Piedmontese nobility at the battle of Tourtour in 972. Primary sources Christian sources in Latin are more numerous than Muslim ones in Arabic for reconstructing the history of Fraxinetum. The most important contemporary narrative of the Muslims of Fraxinetum is the ''Antapodosis'' o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giudicati
The Judicates (, or in Sardinian, in Latin, or in Italian), in English also referred to as Sardinian Kingdoms, Sardinian Judgedoms or Judicatures, were independent states that took power in Sardinia in the Middle Ages, between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries. They were sovereign states with '' summa potestas'', each with a ruler called judge ( in Sardinian), with the powers of a king. Historical causes of the advent of the kingdoms After a relatively brief Vandal occupation (456–534), Sardinia was a province of the Byzantine Empire from 535 until the eighth century. After 705, with the rapid Arab expansion, Saracen pirates from North Africa began to raid the island and encountered no effective opposition by the Byzantine army. In 815, Sardinian ambassadors requested military assistance from the Carolingian Emperor Louis the Pious. In 807, 810–812, and 821–822 the Arabs of Spain and North Africa tried to invade the island but the Sardinians resisted se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
