Muhammad Ali Of Egypt
Muhammad Ali (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Albanians, Albanian viceroy and governor who became the ''de facto'' ruler of History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty, Egypt from 1805 to 1848, widely considered the founder of modern Egypt. At the height of his rule in 1840, he controlled Egypt, Turco-Egyptian Sudan, Sudan, Hejaz, the Levant, Crete and parts of Greece and transformed Cairo from a mere Ottoman provincial capital to the center of an expansive empire. Born in a village in Ottoman Albania, Albania, when he was young he moved with his family to Kavala in the Rumelia Eyalet, where his father, an Albanian tobacco and shipping merchant, served as an Ottoman commander of a small unit in the city. Ali was a military commander in an Albanian Ottoman force sent to recover Egypt from French campaign in Egypt and Syria, French occupation following Napoleon's withdrawal. He Muhammad Ali's rise to power, rose to power through a series of po ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Khedive
Khedive ( ; ; ) was an honorific title of Classical Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the Khedive of Egypt, viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.Adam Mestyan"Khedive" ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three'' (Leiden: Brill, 2020), 2:70–71. It is attested in Persian poetry from the 10th century and was used as an Ottoman honorific from the 16th. It was borrowed into Ottoman Turkish directly from Persian. It was first used in Egypt, without official recognition, by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, the ethnically Albanian governor of Ottoman Egypt and Turco-Egyptian Sudan from 1805 to 1848. The initially self-declared title was officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1867 and used subsequently by Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and his dynastic successors until 1914. The term entered Arabic in Egypt in the 1850s. Etymology This title is recorded in English since 1867, borrowed from French , in turn from Ottoman ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Mosque Of Muhammad Ali
The Muhammad Ali Mosque or Mosque of Muhammad Ali () is a historic mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It was commissioned by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha and built between 1832 and 1857. Situated in the Cairo Citadel in a position overlooking the city, it is one of the most visible mosques and landmarks in the skyline of Cairo. Unlike the traditional Cairene architecture that preceded it, the mosque was built in an entirely Ottoman and European-influenced style, further setting it apart from other monuments. It is sometimes called the Alabaster Mosque due to the prominent use of alabaster as a covering for its walls. History Construction The mosque was built within the Citadel of Cairo on the orders of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, an Ottoman governor who took control in Egypt, gained autonomy, and initiated an extensive program of reforms. The new mosque was founded in 1830. In order to accommodate his mosque and new palaces in the Citadel, Muhammad Ali demolished t ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Turco-Egyptian Conquest Of Sudan (1820–1824)
The Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan was a major military and technical feat. Fewer than 10,000 men set off from Egypt, but, with some local assistance, they were able to penetrate 1,500 km up the Nile River to the frontiers of Ethiopia, giving Egypt an empire as large as Western Europe. The conquest was the first time that an invasion of Sudan from the north had penetrated so far; it involved two risky and unprecedented desert crossings; it necessitated the use of explosives to clear a way up the Nile; and it was an early instance of a small force with modern training, firearms and artillery defeating much larger forces in Africa. Together with the campaigns and expeditions which followed it, the conquest roughly established the post-independence borders of Sudan. The invading forces also made their headquarters at Khartoum in May 1821, from which time it soon developed into Sudan's capital city. Reasons for the conquest Muhammad Ali, the Khedive of Egypt, wanted a large ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Expedition To Najd (1817–1818)
The Najd Expedition () was a series of military conflicts waged by Egypt from 1817 to 1818. It was part of the Ottoman–Saudi War that lasted from 1811 to 1818. The campaign of 1817/8 was led by Ibrahim Pasha, with the goal of capturing Diriyah and ending the First Saudi State by the order of the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II, through no real strategy other than brute force. Background The rise of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab happened in the middle of the 18th century. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab gradually opposed many popular practices, such as the visiting and veneration of the shrines and tombs of Muslim saints, which he felt amounted to heretical religious innovation or even idolatry. His call for social reform in society was based on the key doctrine of Tawhid (oneness of God) and was greatly inspired by the treatises of classical scholars Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim. His calling for Tawhid found popular support in Najd, and in the following years, his movement became larger than before ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Battle Of Byssel
The Battle of Byssel was a military engagement between the Ottoman forces and the Saudi forces in Byssel. The Ottomans won a decisive battle, which broke Saudi power. Background After the Battle of Medina (1812), Battle of Medina in 1812, the Ottomans began suffering military defeats in Capture of Al Hinakiyah, Hinakiyah, Battle of Turubah (1813), Turubah, Battle of Al Qunfudhah (1814), Qunfudhah, and Al-Bahah expedition, Bahah. Soon after their recent defeat in Al-Bahah, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha set Turubah as his next objective. He encouraged his troops that the walls of Turubah wouldn't last long and no soldier would have to scale them. The Saudi commander, Bakhrosh bin A'llas, sent a taunting letter to Muhammad Ali Pasha, informing him that he would lose with his troops and return to Egypt. To encourage his army, he captured 13 Bedouins and claimed they were Saudi robbers, while in reality they headed to Jeddah to purchase supplies. All of them were executed ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Siege Of Taif (1814)
In 1814, the Saudis laid siege to the Ottoman-held city of Taif, but the Ottoman governor of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, successfully forced them to raise the siege. Siege In 1814, the Ottomans prepared an expedition in the month of Shawwal with a force of 20,000 recruited from Mecca and Taif Taif (, ) is a city and governorate in Mecca Province in Saudi Arabia. Located at an elevation of in the slopes of the Hijaz Mountains, which themselves are part of the Sarat Mountains, the city has a population of 563,282 people in 2022, mak ... led by Abidin Bey against the Zahran tribes in Al Bahah. The Ottomans didn't encounter any resistance during their march and finally arrived to besiege a fort in Al Bahah, where they were led by Zahran commander Bakhrosh ibn A'llas. When the Saudis heard of the Ottoman expedition, they marched with a force of 10,000 Saudis to relieve the fort, led by Tami bin Shu'aib. They engaged the Ottoman forces near the fortress, and the Saudis scored ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Battle Of Mecca (1813)
The capture of Mecca in 1813 () happened several days after the capture of Jeddah during the Ottoman–Saudi War. Capture Mustafa Bey, the brother-in-law of Muhammad Ali Pasha advanced after taking Medina with a force of a thousand cavalry and five hundred infantry. The Meccan Shariff Ghalib ibn Musa'id, who wanted to get rid of Saudi rule, preferred the Ottoman rule. He sent messages to Mustafa Bey, inviting him to his towns. The Saudi General, Uthman Al-Medhyafi, met the Ottoman forces but found himself not strong enough to offer a battle. He retreated towards Taif. A few hours before Mustafa entered Mecca victoriously in January 1813, he proclaimed amnesty to the inhabitants of Mecca. Ghalib now joined his forces, around a thousand Arabs and black slaves. Aftermath After the capture of Mecca and Jeddah, news soon reached Cairo, and celebrations were held for five days. After the capture, the Ottoman forces captured Taif on 29 January after some skirmishing.John Lewis Bur ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Alexandria Expedition Of 1807
The Alexandria expedition of 1807, also known as the Fraser expedition (), was an unsuccessful attempt by United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, British forces to capture the Egyptian city of Alexandria during the Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809), Anglo-Turkish War. The aim was to secure a Headquarters, base of operations against the Ottoman Empire and the First French Empire, French Empire in the Mediterranean Sea. It was part of a larger British strategy against the Franco-Ottoman alliance negotiated by Sultan Selim III. Although Alexandria was quickly captured and occupied, British attempts to proceed inland were rebuffed, resulting in the invaders being defeated twice in battles at Rosetta (Rashid; the port that guarded the entrance to the Nile), sustaining hundreds of casualties. Many were captured during the second siege of Rosetta. British prisoners of war were marched to Cairo, where many hundreds of severed heads from their slain comrades were displayed between row ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)
The Anglo-Turkish War of 1807–1809 was a part of the Napoleonic Wars, was fought between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Ottoman Empire. Ultimatum In the summer of 1806, during the War of the Third Coalition (of Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden), Napoleon's ambassador General Count Sebastiani managed to convince the Porte (the central government of the Ottoman Empire) to cancel all special privileges granted to Russia in 1805 and to open the Ottoman straits (the Dardanelles) exclusively to French warships. In return, Napoleon promised to help the Sultan suppress the rebellion in Serbia and to recover lost territories. When the Russian army marched into Moldavia and Wallachia in 1806, the Ottomans declared war on Russia. Dardanelles operation In September 1806, the British government pressured Sultan Selim III to expel Sebastiani, declare war on France, cede the Danubian Principalities to Russia, and surrender the Ottoman fleet ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Muhammad Ali's Rise To Power
Muhammad Ali rose to power in Egypt following a long, four-way civil war between the Ottoman Empire, "Egyptian" Mamluks who had ruled Egypt for centuries, and Albanian mercenaries in the service of the Ottomans. The conflict ended in victory for the Albanians (from Rumelia) led by Ali. The four-way struggle occurred following the French invasion of Egypt by Napoleon. After the French were defeated, a power vacuum was created in Egypt. The Mamluks had governed Egypt before the French invasion and still retained power in the region. However, Egypt was officially a part of the Ottoman Empire and many Ottoman troops who had been sent to evict the French were still present. Albanians under Tahir rise and seize Cairo from Hüsrev Pasha In March 1803, the British evacuated Alexandria leaving a power vacuum in Egypt. Muhammad Bey al-Alfi (aka Alfi Bey) (1751–1807) had accompanied the British to lobby them to help restore the power of the Mamluks. In their attempts to return to p ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
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Battle Of Al Khankah
The Battle of Al Khankah was a military engagement between the Ottomans and the French army that took place near Cairo. The Ottomans successfully defeated the French, marking the beginning of the end of the French occupation of Egypt. Background As the Ottoman army, led by the Grand Vizier, Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha, approached Cairo, the combined armies reached to the other side. The British general, John Hely-Hutchinson, sent a request for the Grand Vizier to halt his march instead of taking a risky engagement with the French; however, Yusuf refused. The French, led by Augustin Daniel Belliard, decided to take out the Ottoman army before the arrival of the British, as they did not have enough men to defend the city. The French army marched out of Cairo with 4,600 infantry, 900 cavalry, and 24 cannons on May 15.Stuart ReidThe Annual Register, p. 334-5 Battle The French were on reconnaissance. The Ottoman army spotted the French at the springs of Al Khankah. Yusuf then dispatched ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |