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Mixed-member Majoritarian Representation
Mixed-member majoritarian representation (MMM) is type of a mixed electoral system combining winner-take-all and proportional methods, where the disproportional results of the winner-take-all part are dominant over the ''proportional'' component. Mixed member majoritarian systems are therefore categorized under ''semi-proportional'' representation, and are usually contrasted with mixed-member ''proportional'' representation (MMP) which aims to provide proportional representation compensation ("top-up") seats. The most common type of MMM system is the ''supplementary member'' (SM) system (a form of parallel voting), whereby representatives are voted into a chamber using at least two different systems independently of each other. Most commonly this combines first-past-the-post (single member plurality) voting (FPTP/SMP) with party-list proportional representation (list-PR). The system has been applied in the election of national parliaments as well as local governments in va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mixed Electoral System
A mixed electoral system is one that uses different Electoral system, electoral systems to elect different seats in a legislature. Most often, this involves a First Past the Post combined with a Proportional representation, proportional component. The results of the combination may be Mixed-member proportional representation, mixed-member proportional (MMP), where the overall results of the elections are proportional, or Mixed-member majoritarian representation, mixed-member majoritarian, in which case the overall results are Semi-proportional representation, semi-proportional, retaining disproportionalities from the majoritarian component. Systems that use multiple types of combinations are sometimes called supermixed. Mixed-member systems also often combine local representation (most often Single-member district, single-member constituencies) with regional or national (Multi-member district, multi-member constituencies) representation, having multiple tiers. This also means vote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yonhap News Agency
Yonhap News Agency (; ) is a major news agency in South Korea. It is based in Seoul, South Korea. Yonhap provides news articles, pictures, and other information to newspapers, TV networks and other media in South Korea. History Yonhap was established on 19 December 1980, through the merger of Hapdong News Agency and Orient Press. The Hapdong News Agency itself emerged in late 1945 out of the short-lived Kukje News, which had operated for two months out of the office of the Domei, the former Japanese news agency that had functioned in Korea during the Japanese Japanese colonial era. In 1999, Yonhap took over the Naewoe News Agency. Naewoe was a South Korea government-affiliated organization, created in the mid 1970s, tasked with publishing information and analysis on North Korea from a South Korean perspective through books and journals. Naewoe was known to have close links with South Korea's intelligence agency, and according to the British academic and historian James Hoar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coexistence FPTP PR
Coexistence is the property of things existing at the same time and in a proximity close enough to affect each other, without causing harm to one another. The term is often used with respect to people of different persuasions existing together, particularly where there is some history of antipathy or violence between those groups. Coexistence can be observed to a property of all systems in which different aspects capable of interacting with each other exist at the same time. As one source asserts, "even at the molecular level, existence is always already coexistence". Nonliving things can also be characterized as coexisting where multiple kinds of such things exist in the same space, with the term having been used for things as disparate as different kinds of dunes on Mars, and black holes existing in the same region of space as dense nuclear star clusters. Other examples of coexistence include: * Peaceful coexistence, Soviet theory regarding relations between the socialist and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Additional Member System
The additional-member system (AMS) is a two-vote seat-linkage-based mixed electoral system used in the United Kingdom in which most legislator, representatives are elected in single-member districts (SMDs), and a fixed number of other "additional members" are elected from a closed list to make the seat distribution in the chamber more proportional representation, proportional to the votes cast for Electoral list, party lists. It is distinct from using parallel voting for the list seats (also known as the ''supplementary-member'' system) in that the "additional member" seats are awarded to parties taking into account seats won in SMDs (referred to as ''Compensation (electoral systems), compensation'' or ''top-up'') – these are ignored under parallel voting (a ''non-compensatory'' method). AMS is the name given to a particular system used in the United Kingdom that aims to provide proportional representation. However, in theory it can fail to be proportional, a situation called ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Ticket
The general ticket or party block voting (PBV), is a type of block voting in which voters opt for a party or a team of candidates, and the highest-polling party/team becomes the winner and receives 100% of the seats for this multi-member district. The party block voting is usually applied with more than one multi-member district to prevent one team winning all seats. This system has a winner-take-all nature similar to first-past-the-post voting for single-member districts, which is vulnerable to gerrymandering and majority reversals. A related system is the majority bonus system, where a block of seats is awarded according to the winner of party-list proportional representation. Usage Philippines From 1941 up to 1949 elections, the Philippines elected its officials under this system, then known as ''block voting''. A voter can write the name of the party on the ballot and have all of that voter's votes allocated for that party's candidates, from president to local offic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlantic, North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and List of islands of France, many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean, giving it Exclusive economic zone of France, one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. Metropolitan France shares borders with Belgium and Luxembourg to the north; Germany to the northeast; Switzerland to the east; Italy and Monaco to the southeast; Andorra and Spain to the south; and a maritime border with the United Kingdom to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. Its Regions of France, eighteen integral regions—five of which are overseas—span a combined area of and hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land border, as well as List of islands of Italy, nearly 800 islands, notably Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino. It is the List of European countries by area, tenth-largest country in Europe by area, covering , and the third-most populous member state of the European Union, with nearly 59 million inhabitants. Italy's capital and List of cities in Italy, largest city is Rome; other major cities include Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, and Venice. The history of Italy goes back to numerous List of ancient peoples of Italy, Italic peoples—notably including the ancient Romans, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majority Bonus System
A majority bonus system (MBS, also called a minority-friendly majoritarian system) is a mixed-member, partly-proportional electoral system that gives extra seats in a legislature to the party with a plurality or majority of seats. Typically, this is done with the aim of providing government stability, particularly in parliamentary systems. The size of the majority bonus can vary substantially, is usually a fixed number of seats, and may be conditional on the number of votes for each party. However, a relatively small majority bonus (such as in the reinforced proportionality system of Greece) may not always guarantee that a single party can form a government. At the same time, as the majority bonus is allocated in a non- compensatory manner, if the majority bonus is as high as 50%, and the largest party which has 50% of the popular vote receives it, this party may win as many as 75% of all seats available. This differentiates it from the similar majority jackpot system. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majority Jackpot System
The majority jackpot system (MJS), also known as a majority-minority apportionment, is a mixed-member majoritarian and conditional voting rule. It produces subproportional representation by fixing the final apportionment for a party or alliance that wins a majority of the vote at some level (e.g. 55% of the seats). It differs from the similar majority bonus system in that the total number of seats is fixed, whereas the majority bonus assigns a fixed number of "bonus" seats to the majority party. It is currently used in Armenia and San Marino, and was previously used in Italy from 2006 to 2013. An example of a very small, almost insignificant majority jackpot type correction system is found in Germany's electoral system for the Bundestag. If a party receives more than half of the list votes, but does not receive more than half of total seats (for example, as a result of the apportionment formula), they receive as many seats as necessary, which are added to the size of the Bunde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mixed Single Vote
A mixed single vote (MSV) is a type of ballot in mixed-member electoral systems, where voters cast a single vote in an election, which is used both for electing a local candidate and as a vote for a party affiliated with that candidate according to the rules of the electoral system. Unlike most mixed proportional and mixed majoritarian systems (such as parallel voting) where voters cast two votes, split-ticket voting is not possible under MSV. This significantly reduces the possibility of manipulating compensatory mixed systems,Bochsler, Daniel. "Bending the rules: electoral strategies under mixed electoral systems." ''Representation'' 51.2 (2015): 261-267. at the price of reducing voter choice. An alternative based on the mixed single vote that still allows for indicating different preferences on different levels is the mixed ballot, which functions as a preferential (mixed) single vote. With MSV, voters usually cast their single vote for a local candidate in a single-m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Party-block Voting
The general ticket or party block voting (PBV), is a type of block voting in which voters opt for a party or a team of candidates, and the highest-polling party/team becomes the winner and receives 100% of the seats for this multi-member district. The party block voting is usually applied with more than one multi-member district to prevent one team winning all seats. This system has a winner-take-all nature similar to first-past-the-post voting for single-member districts, which is vulnerable to gerrymandering and majority reversals. A related system is the majority bonus system, where a block of seats is awarded according to the winner of party-list proportional representation. Usage Philippines From 1941 up to 1949 elections, the Philippines elected its officials under this system, then known as ''block voting''. A voter can write the name of the party on the ballot and have all of that voter's votes allocated for that party's candidates, from president to local officials ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Two-round System
The two-round system (TRS or 2RS), sometimes called ballotage, top-two runoff, or two-round plurality, is a single-winner electoral system which aims to elect a member who has support of the majority of voters. The two-round system involves one or two rounds of choose-one voting, where the voter marks a single favorite candidate in each round. If no one has a majority of votes in the first round, the two candidates with the most votes in the first round move on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality (FPP). Like instant-runoff (ranked-choice) voting and first past the post, it elects one winner. The two-round system first emerged in France and has since become the most common single-winner electoral system worldwide. Despite this, runoff-based rules like the two-round system and RCV have faced criticism from social choice theorists as a result of their suscep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
