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Ministry Of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (; ; ) was the department of the Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire), Imperial Government responsible for the Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire, foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire, from its establishment in 1836 to its abolition in 1922. Before 1836, foreign relations were managed by the ''Reis ül-Küttab'', who was replaced by a Western-style ministry as part of the Tanzimat modernization reforms. The successor of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Turkey, Turkish Republic. French was officially the working language of the ministry in the period after the Crimean War.''Turkish Yearbook of International Relations''. University of Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Munasebetler Enstitüsü, 2000. (head book says 2000/2 Special Issue of Turkish-American Relations. Issue 31, p13 "''Chambre des Conseillers Légistes de la Porte'' as was their title in Frenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Grand Viziers Of The Ottoman Empire
The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire ( or ''Sadr-ı Azam'' (''Sadrazam''); Ottoman Turkish language, Ottoman Turkish: or ) was the ''de facto'' prime minister of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat Fermanı, Tanzimat reforms, or until the Second Constitutional Era, 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire), Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "''kubbe'' viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the ''Kubbealtı'' ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte. History During the emerging phases of the Ottoman state, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "grand vizier" was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Alexander Karatheodori Pasha
Alexander Karatheodori Pasha (; 1833–1906) was an Ottoman Greek statesman and diplomat. He was involved in diplomatic affairs following the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. Biography Born in Constantinople (now Istanbul) as a child of a leading Phanariote family. His father, Stefanos Karatheodori, was the personal physician of Sultan Mahmud II. After law studies in Paris, like many Phanariotes he pursued a career in the civil service of the Ottoman Empire. In 1874 he was appointed ambassador to Rome, and in 1878 he took part in the preliminary negotiations with Russia over the Treaty of San Stefano. Several months later was sent to Germany as the head commissioner of the Porte to the Congress of Berlin. There he was successful in changing the San Stefano peace terms in favour of the Ottoman Empire ( Treaty of Berlin). In November 1878, he was appointed Governor-General of Crete with the task of calming the island's tense situation, which had descended in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Akif Pasha
Akif, Akef, Aakif or Aqif () is an Arabic masculine given name, meaning "focused, attached, intent, devoted". It may also refer to one who sits in itikaf during the last 10 days of Ramadan, devoting oneself to ibadah during these days and staying away from worldly affairs. This name is mentioned in Sura Al-Baqara. Given name *Akef Al-Fayez, Jordanian Politician *Akif Šeremet, Bosnian communist * Akif Pirinçci, German writer of Turkish origin Surname * Mohammed Mahdi Akef, Egyptian Islamist * Naima Akef, Egyptian belly dancer * Mehmet Akif (other) Mehmet Akif is a Turkish masculine given name. Notable people with the name include: * Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mehmet Akif Ersoy (20 December 1873 – 27 December 1936) was a Turkish poet, writer, academic, politician, and the author of the Turki ... References {{Reflist Arabic-language surnames Arabic-language masculine given names Turkish masculine given names Masculine given names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Divan
A divan or diwan (, ''dīvān''; from Sumerian ''dub'', clay tablet) was a high government ministry in various Islamic states, or its chief official (see ''dewan''). Etymology The word, recorded in English since 1586, meaning "Oriental council of a state", comes from Persian (''dêvân'') and consequently spread via Turkish ''divan''. It is first attested in Middle Persian spelled as ''dpywʾn'' and ''dywʾn'', itself hearkening back, via Old Persian, Elamite and Akkadian, ultimately to Sumerian ''dub'', clay tablet. The word was borrowed into Armenian as well as ''divan''; on linguistic grounds this is placed after the 3rd century, which helps establish the original Middle Persian (and eventually New Persian) form was ''dīvān'', not ''dēvān'', despite later legends that traced the origin of the word to the latter form. The variant pronunciation ''dēvān'' however did exist, and is the form surviving to this day in Tajiki Persian. In Arabic, the term was firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Drogmanat
A dragoman was an interpreter, translator, and official guide between Turkish-, Arabic-, and Persian-speaking countries and polities of the Middle East and European embassies, consulates, vice-consulates and trading posts. A dragoman had to have a knowledge of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and European languages. In the Ottoman Empire, Dragomans were mainly members of the Ottoman Greek community, who possessed considerable multilingual skills, because Greek trading communities did substantial business in the markets of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. To a lesser extent, other communities with international commercial links, notably the Armenians, were recruited. Etymology and variants In Arabic the word is ترجمان (''tarjumān''), in Turkish ''tercüman''. Deriving from the Semitic quadriliteral root ''t-r-g-m'', it appears in Akkadian as "targumannu," in Ge'ez (Classical Ethiopic) as ትርጓም (''t-r-gw-m''), and in A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Reis Effendi
Reis may refer to : *Reis (surname), a Portuguese and German surname *Reis (military rank), an Ottoman military rank and obscure Lebanese/Syrian noble title Currency *Portuguese Indian rupia (subdivided into ''réis''), the currency of Portuguese India until 1958 *Portuguese real (plural ''reis'' or ''réis''), the former currency of Portugal People *Reis (footballer, born 1988), Deivdy Reis Marques do Nascimento, Brazilian football forward *Reis (footballer, born 1993), Isnairo Reis Silva Morais, Brazilian football midfielder Places *Reis Township, Polk County, Minnesota, U.S.A. *Dirce Reis, São Paulo, Brazil *Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil *Reis Magos, former name of Nova Almeida, Espírito Santo, Brazil *Caldas de Reis, Spain *Reis Magos, Goa, India Other uses *Reis (film), ''Reis'' (film), a biography film from 2017 about the President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan *Hakan Ayik, also known as Hakan Reis, a Turkish-Australian criminal See also * Rhys (surna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)
The Translation Office (, also spelled ''Terceme Odası'', // (), Google Books]PT192 or Terdjuman Odasi; , also rendered as Bureau des Interprètes or Cabinet des Traducteurs) was an organ of the Government of the Ottoman Empire that translated documents from one language to another. The government created it in 1821 as the Ottoman authorities wanted to train their own corps of Turkish translators instead of using Phanariotes due to the Greek War of Independence occurring. Most of the staff at List of diplomatic missions of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman diplomatic missions in Europe originated from this office. - Cited: p. 278 Salaries and prominence of the office increased after the 1830s in the aftermath of the Battle of Konya and Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi. Bernard Lewis, author of ''The Muslim Discovery of Europe'', wrote that the Translation Office became "one of the avenues to preferment and power". The office created French-language versions of official documents. Such docu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Millet (Ottoman Empire)
In the Ottoman Empire, a ''millet'' (; ) was an independent court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim sharia, Christian canon law, or Jewish halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws. Despite frequently being referred to as a "system", before the nineteenth century the organization of what are now retrospectively called millets in the Ottoman Empire was not at all systematic. Rather, non-Muslims were simply given a significant degree of autonomy within their own community, without an overarching structure for the ''millet'' as a whole. The notion of distinct ''millets'' corresponding to different religious communities within the empire would not emerge until the eighteenth century. Subsequently, the ''millet'' system was justified through numerous foundation myths linking it back to the time of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1451–81), although it is now understood that no such system exis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Stanford Shaw
Stanford Jay Shaw (5 May 1930 – 16 December 2006) was an American historian, best known for his works on the late Ottoman Empire, Turkish Jews, and the early Turkish Republic. Shaw's works have been criticized for denial of the Armenian genocide, and other pro-Turkish bias. Biography Stanford Jay Shaw was born to Belle and Albert Shaw, who had immigrated to St. Paul from England and Russia respectively in the early years of the twentieth century.Profile of Prof. Shaw . . Accessed 9 June 2011. He was of Jewish heritage. Stanford Shaw and his parents moved to |
Ankara
Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and List of national capitals by area, the largest capital by area in the world. Located in the Central Anatolia Region, central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5,290,822 in its urban center (Etimesgut, Yenimahalle, Çankaya District, Çankaya, Keçiören, Altındağ, Pursaklar, Mamak, Ankara, Mamak, Gölbaşı, Ankara, Gölbaşı, Sincan, Ankara, Sincan) and 5,864,049 in Ankara Province (total of 25 districts). Ankara is Turkey's List of cities in Turkey, second-largest city by population after Istanbul, first by urban land area, and third by metro land area after Konya and Sivas. Ankara was historically known as Ancyra and Angora. Serving as the capital of the ancient Celts, Celtic state of Galatia (280–64 BC), and later of the Roman Empire, Roman province with the Galatia (Roman province), same name (25 BC–7th century), Ankara has various Hattians, Hattian, Hittites, Hittite, Lydian, Phrygian, Galatians (people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ahmed Izzet Pasha
Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1864 – 31 March 1937 Ottoman Turkish: احمد عزت پاشا), known as Ahmet İzzet Furgaç after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934, was a Turkish-Albanian soldier and statesman. He was a general during World War I and also one of the last Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire (14 October 1918 – 8 November 1918) and its last Minister of Foreign Affairs. Early life Ahmed Izzet was born in Nasliç (Neapoli), Manastir Vilayet, into an Albanian family.W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828-1921, 376, n 1. His father, Haydar Bey, was a prominent civil servant of the area and a former governor. He graduated from Kuleli Military High School in 1881, the Harbiye School in 1884, and the General Staff School the following year. From 1887 to 1890 he was educated in strategy and military geography in the Ottoman Military College,Harp Akademileri Komutanlığı, ''Harp Akademilerinin 120 Y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
