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Michael The Syrian
Michael the Syrian (),(), died AD 1199, also known as Michael the Great () or Michael Syrus or Michael the Elder, to distinguish him from his nephew, was a patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1166 to 1199. He is best known today as the author of the largest medieval ''Chronicle'', which he wrote in the Syriac language. Some other works and fragments written by him have also survived. Life Early years The life of Michael is recorded by Bar Hebraeus. He was born ca. 1126 in Melitene (today Malatya), the son of the Priest Eliya (Elias), of the Qindasi family. His uncle, the monk Athanasius, became bishop of Anazarbus in Cilicia in 1136. At that period Melitene was part of the kingdom of the Turkoman Danishmend dynasty, and, when that realm was divided in two in 1142, it became the capital of one principality. In 1178 it became part of the Sultanate of Rûm. The Jacobite monastery of Mor Bar Sauma was close to the town, and had been the patriarchal seat since the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syriac Orthodox Church
The Syriac Orthodox Church (), also informally known as the Jacobite Church, is an Oriental Orthodox Christian denomination, denomination that originates from the Church of Antioch. The church currently has around 4-5 million followers. The church upholds the Miaphysitism, Miaphysite doctrine in Christology and employs the Liturgy of Saint James, associated with James, brother of Jesus, James the Just. Classical Syriac is the official and liturgical language of the church. The supreme head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is the patriarch of Antioch, a bishop who, according to sacred tradition, continues the leadership passed down from Saint Peter. Since 2014, Ignatius Aphrem II has served as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, Syriac Orthodox Antiochian patriarch. The Domus Aurea (Antioch), Great Church of Antioch was the patriarchal seat and the headquarters of the church until , after which Severus of Antioch had to flee to Alexandria, Egypt. After the de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patriarch Amalric Of Jerusalem
Amalric of Nesle (; died on 6 October 1180) was a Catholic prelate who served as the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem from late 1157 or early 1158 until his death. Amalric focused chiefly on managing church property; he showed very little political initiative and, unlike many contemporary bishops in the crusader states, had no interest in military affairs. Amalric was born in France. He arrived in the Latin East in the 1130s or early 1140s and became the court chaplain of Queen Melisende. He rose to become prior of the Holy Sepulchre in 1151 probably because of the queen's patronage. In 1157 she selected him to become the next patriarch and, despite some clerical opposition, he was enthroned by early 1158. Melisende's sons, King Baldwin III and King Amalric, paid little attention to him. Amalric of Nesle was instrumental in forcing King Amalric to separate from his wife, Agnes of Courtenay, at the insistence of the High Court of Jerusalem, High Court. For this reason King Amalric pra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Kingdom Of Cilicia
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, also known as Cilician Armenia, Lesser Armenia, Little Armenia or New Armenia, and formerly known as the Armenian Principality of Cilicia, was an Armenian state formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia., pp. 630–631. Located outside the Armenian Highlands and distinct from the Kingdom of Armenia of antiquity, it was centered in the Cilicia region northwest of the Gulf of Alexandretta. The kingdom had its origins in the principality founded by the Rubenid dynasty, an alleged offshoot of the larger Bagratuni dynasty, which at various times had held the throne of Armenia. Their capital was originally at Tarsus, and later moved to Sis. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focal point for Armenian cultural production, since Armenia proper was under foreign occupation at the time. Cilicia's si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gregory IV The Young
Gregory IV Dgha ("the Child", or "the Young") was the Catholicos of Armenia, Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church from 1173 to 1193. Despite his nickname, he was around forty when he assumed the role of Catholicos. When Nerses IV the Gracious died, he attempted to pass the diocese onto the younger of his two nephews, but the older - Gregory - enjoyed the support of Mleh,_Prince_of_Armenia, Prince Mleh and was thus able to obtain the Catholicos' seat. He continued the policies of his uncles Nerses IV the Gracious, Nerses and Grigor_III_Pahlavuni, Gregory in seeking accommodations with other Christian churches. This position was resisted by monastic communities in various Muslim-ruled parts of Armenia who were more strictly anti-Chalcedonian, and negotiations with the Byzantine Greeks mostly broke down after the death of Manuel I Komnenos. In the 1180s he turned to seeking conciliation with the Papacy, including sending an envoy to Pope Lucius III. He died after a fall from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rumkale
Rumkale (; ) is a ruined fortress on the Euphrates, located in the province of Gaziantep and 50 km west of Şanlıurfa. Although Rumkale is sometimes linked with places mentioned in ancient sources, the foundations of the structure can be traced back to the Byzantine rule the earliest, when the fortress was the seat of a Syriac Orthodox bishopric. Rumkale evolved into a town when its Armenian civilian population grew in the 11th century. The fortress slipped away from the Byzantine rule when Philaretos Brachamios (), a Byzantine general of Armenian origin, usurped control of the region amidst the political turmoil caused by the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Rumkale then came under Kogh Vasil, whose adoptive son and successor Vasil Dgha was tortured by Baldwin II of Edessa and forced to relinquish his lands, including Rumkale, to the Crusader states in 1116. Sometime between 1148 and 1150, Catholicos Grigor III Pahlavuni purchased the fortress making it the headquarters of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saladin
Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ( – 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from a Kurdish family, he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, he spearheaded the Muslim military effort against the Crusader states in the Levant. At the height of his power, the Ayyubid realm spanned Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, the Hejaz, Yemen, and Nubia. Alongside his uncle Shirkuh, a Kurdish mercenary commander in service of the Zengid dynasty, Saladin was sent to Fatimid Egypt in 1164, on the orders of the Zengid ruler Nur ad-Din. With their original purpose being to help restore Shawar as the vizier to the teenage Fatimid caliph al-Adid, a power struggle ensued between Shirkuh and Shawar after the latter was reinstated. Saladin, meanwhile, climbed the ranks of the Fatimid government by virtue of his military successes against Crusader assaults and his personal closeness to al-Adid. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodore Bar Wahbun
Theodoros (or Theodore) bar Wahbun (died 1193) was a Syriac Orthodox monk and writer who was elected patriarch of Antioch in 1180 in opposition to the reigning patriarch, Michael Rabo. Using the name John, he continued as an anti-patriarch in exile until his death. He pursued ecumenism and the union of the churches. Monk and diplomat Theodoros was born in Melitene to the priest Sahdo bar Wahbun. He was educated in theology, philosophy and languages, acquiring literacy in Arabic, Armenian, Greek and Syriac. He joined the monastery of Mor Bar Sauma and also became a priest. In the 1170s, without leaving his monastery, he worked as a secretary to Patriarch Michael Rabo. He represented the patriarch in negotiations with Theorianos, who was acting on behalf of the Byzantine Emperor to secure the union of the Miaphysite (Syriac and Armenian) and Chalcedonian churches. Negotiations took place in Armenian Cilicia. The first negotiations began perhaps as early as 1170 and involved, bes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark Ibn Kunbar
Mark ad-Darir ibn Mauhub, or Mark Ibn Kunbar (), died 1208, also known as Mark the Blind, was a 12th-century Coptic priest and preacher. He came into conflict with both Pope John V and Pope Mark III of Alexandria for preaching against the practice of private confession of sins, and was excommunicated. Life Mark was most likely born in Sunbat, near Zefta, Gharbia, Egypt. He was likely born blind, thus the epithet. He was made priest by the bishop of Damietta. As priest, Mark Ibn Kunbar preached against the common practice of taking censers into personal homes for the confession of sins. Traditionally, sins were confessed at a confessional, and a censer would be placed nearby for the purpose of purifying the surrounding air. Mark Ibn Kunbar objected strongly to this form of private confession, insisting that a priest must be present for the absolution of sins. He was an eloquent preacher, and drew many crowds in Egypt who heard his sermons and received from him absolution fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Mark III Of Alexandria
Pope Mark III of Alexandria, 73rd Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. He was the son of Zura, and he is commemorated in the Coptic ''Synaxarion'' on the 6th day of Tubah. Before becoming Patriarch, Mark wrote the entries of the '' History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria'' that covers the years between 1131 and 1167. At the start of Mark's papacy, the bishops of Upper Egypt wrote to Mark about the previously excommunicated Mark Ibn Kunbar. The Pope met Kunbar in person brought him to repentance. Afterwards, Kunbar continued to preach against the practice of private confession of sins. In 1173, Pope Mark called a synod of sixty bishops at The Hanging Church Virgin Mary's Coptic Orthodox Church ( ''Church of Mother of God Saint Mary in Egyptian Babylon''), also known as the Hanging Church (, ), is one of the oldest churches in Egypt which dates to the third century. It belongs to the Coptic Orthodo ..., which unanimously excommunicated Kunbar from the Cop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confession (religion)
Confession, in many religions, is the acknowledgment of sinful thoughts and actions. This is performed directly to a deity or to fellow people. It is often seen as a required action of repentance and a necessary precursor to penance and atonement. It often leads to Reconciliation (theology), reconciliation and forgiveness. Christianity Roman Catholicism In Catholic Church, Catholic Christian teaching, the Sacrament of Penance is the method by which individuals confess any Christian views on sin#Catholic views, sins they have committed after their baptism; these sins are then absolution, absolved by God through the administration of a priest, who assigns an act of penance. To Validity and liceity (Catholic Church), validly receive absolution, the penitent must make a sincere sacramental confession of all known mortal sins not yet confessed to a priest and pray an act of contrition (a genre of prayers) that expresses both motives for sorrow and the resolve not to sin again. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albigensians
Catharism ( ; from the , "the pure ones") was a Christian quasi-dualist and pseudo-Gnostic movement which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries. Denounced as a heretical sect by the Catholic Church, its followers were attacked first by the Albigensian Crusade and later by the Medieval Inquisition, which eradicated the sect by 1350. Around 1 million were slaughtered, hanged, or burnt at the stake. Followers were known as Cathars or Albigensians, after the French city Albi where the movement first took hold, but referred to themselves as Good Christians. They famously believed that there were not one, but two Godsthe good God of Heaven and the evil god of this age (). According to tradition, Cathars believed that the good God was the God of the New Testament faith and creator of the spiritual realm. Many Cathars identified the evil god as Satan, the master of the physical world. The Cathars believed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third Council Of The Lateran
The Third Council of the Lateran met in Rome in March 1179. Pope Alexander III presided and 302 bishops attended. The Catholic Church regards it as the eleventh ecumenical council. By agreement reached at the Peace of Venice in 1177 the bitter conflict between Alexander III and Emperor Frederick I was brought to an end. When Pope Adrian IV died in 1159, the divided cardinals elected two popes: Roland of Siena, who took the name of Alexander III, and Octavian of Rome who, though nominated by fewer cardinals, was supported by Frederick and assumed the name of Pope Victor IV. Frederick, wishing to remove all that stood in the way of his authority in Italy, declared war upon the Italian states and especially the Church which was enjoying great authority. A serious schism arose out of this conflict, and after Victor IV's death in 1164, two further antipopes were nominated in opposition to Alexander III: Paschal III (1164–1168) and Callistus III (1168–1178). Event ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
