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Mandaean Priest
A Mandaean priest or ''Tarmida'' () refers to an ordained religious leader in Mandaeism. Overview All priests must undergo lengthy ordination ceremonies, beginning with tarmida initiation. Mandaean religious leaders and copyists of religious texts hold the title in Arabic, Sheikh. In Iran, they are also occasionally referred to as Mullah. All Mandaean communities traditionally require the presence of a priest, since priests are required to officiate over all important religious rituals, including masbuta, masiqta, birth and wedding ceremonies. Priests also serve as teachers, scribes, and community leaders. Many Mandaean diaspora communities do not have easy access to priests. Due to the shortage of priests in the Mandaean diaspora, ''halala'' () or learned Mandaean laymen who are ritually clean (both individually and in terms of family background) can sometimes assume minor roles typically assumed by ordained priests. Such laymen taking on limited priestly roles are called ''paisa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandaeism
Mandaeism (Mandaic language, Classical Mandaic: ),https://qadaha.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/nhura-dictionary-mandaic-english-mandaic.pdf sometimes also known as Nasoraeanism or Sabianism, is a Gnosticism, Gnostic, Monotheism, monotheistic and ethnic religion with Ancient Greek religion, Greek, Iranian religions, Iranian, and Judaism, Jewish influences. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam#In Mandaeism, Adam, Abel#Mandaean interpretation, Abel, Seth#Mandaeism, Seth, Enos (biblical figure)#In Mandaeism, Enos, Noah#Mandaeism, Noah, Shem#In Mandaeism, Shem, Aram, son of Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist#Mandaeism, John the Baptist. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem, and John the Baptist prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and Last prophet, final prophet. The Mandaeans speak an Eastern Aramaic languages, Eastern Aramaic language known as Mandaic language, Mandaic. The name 'Mandaean' comes from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zazai Of Gawazta
Zazai of Gawazta (Zazai ḏ-Gawazta, ; also Zazai ḏ-Gawazta bar Hawa, or Zazai of Gawazta, son of Naṭar) was a 3rd-century Mandaean priest. He is listed as the first copyist in the colophons of many Mandaean texts. Zazai of Gawazta is mentioned as the first copyist in colophons 1 (CP 1–74), 4 (CP 104–169), 5 (CP 170–199), and 8 (CP 305–329) of DC 53. He is also attested in the colophons of '' 1012 Questions'', ''Scroll of Exalted Kingship'', '' Baptism of Hibil Ziwa'', ''Zihrun Raza Kasia'', '' Alma Rišaia Zuṭa'', and '' Dmut Kušṭa''. In the colophon of the '' Left Ginza'', Zazai's son and/or initiate Ṭabia (lit. 'gazelle') is listed as a copyist, but not Zazai himself. Zazai of Gawazta was a contemporary of Sasanian Emperor Bahram I (), who persecuted non-Zoroastrian minorities and was known for his execution of Mani. Zazai of Gawazta's role in initiating the systematic codification of Mandaean texts can be seen as an effort to protect Mandaeism during a ti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turban
A turban (from Persian language, Persian دولبند, ''dolband''; via Middle French ''turbant'') is a type of headwear based on cloth winding. Featuring many variations, it is worn as customary headwear by people of various cultures. Communities with prominent turban-wearing traditions can be found in, Punjabis, the Punjabis, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Africa, West Africa, East Africa, and amongst some Turkic peoples in Russia. A keski is a type of turban Majorly worn by female Sikhs, a long piece of cloth roughly half the length of a traditional "single turban", but not cut and sewn to make a double-width "Double Turban" (or Double Patti). Wearing turbans is common among Sikh men (Dastar), and infrequently women. They are also worn by Hinduism, Hindu monks. The headgear also serves as a religious observance, including among Shia Islam, Shia Muslims, who regard turban-wearing as ''Sunnah mu'akka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burzinqa
The burzinqa () is a turban worn by Mandaean men during baptismal ceremonial rituals. It forms the upper end of a lengthy piece of cotton cloth. For priests who are performing rituals, the loose lower end, called the ''rugza'' (), can be used as a pandama or mouth-veil. Description The burzinqa consists of a long piece of cotton cloth that is wrapped three times around the head. The loose end is called the ''rugza'' (). It is made from a cloth that is 10 centimeters by 3 meters long, and can be cut lengthwise as needed. In the ''Qulasta'' Several prayers in the ''Qulasta The Qulasta, also spelled Qolastā in older sources (; ), is a compilation of Mandaean prayers. The Mandaic word ''qolastā'' means "collection". The prayerbook is a collection of Mandaic prayers regarding baptisms ('' maṣbuta'') and other sa ...'' are recited when putting on the burzinqa, including prayers 1, 3, and 5. See also * * Pandama References External linksTying the turban and the sac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shlama Beth Qidra
Shlama beth Qidra (Šlama, daughter of Qidra, ), also known as Shalma beth Qidra, was a female Mandaean priest and scribe who was active around 200 AD. Her name is found in the colophons of Left Ginza manuscripts, which do not bear the name of Zazai of Gawazta. Shlama beth Qidra is the earliest Mandaean scribe named in Mandaean colophons, predating Zazai of Gawazta ( AD) by a few generations. See also * List of Mandaean priests *Zazai of Gawazta Zazai of Gawazta (Zazai ḏ-Gawazta, ; also Zazai ḏ-Gawazta bar Hawa, or Zazai of Gawazta, son of Naṭar) was a 3rd-century Mandaean priest. He is listed as the first copyist in the colophons of many Mandaean texts. Zazai of Gawazta is ment ... * Anush bar Danqa References Mandaean priests 2nd-century births 3rd-century deaths Mandaean scribes Mandaeans from the Sasanian Empire Ancient priestesses Mandaean women {{Mandaeism-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley
Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley (born Jorunn Jacobsen, 1944) is a Norwegian-American religious studies scholar and historian of religion known for her work on Mandaeism and Gnosticism. She was a former Professor of Religion at Bowdoin College. She is known for translating the '' Scroll of Exalted Kingship'' and other Mandaean texts, as well as for her various books on the Mandaean religion and people. Her interests include Mandaean genealogy and anthropology. Education Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley was born in Norway. She began her undergraduate studies during the 1960s. As an undergraduate student, she studied psychology, philosophy, and Ancient Greek, and eventually became interested in Gnosticism and Mandaeism. In 1971, she went to the University of Uppsala and then studied briefly at the University of Utrecht. She also visited Iran in 1973 to conduct fieldwork on the Mandaeans. In 1975, she began her doctoral studies at the University of Chicago Divinity School and received a Ph.D. in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suq Al-Shuyukh District
Suq Al-Shuyukh District (; also called Suq al-Shoyokh District) is a district of the Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq. Suq al-Shuyukh is a city surrounded by date palm orchards and located on the right bank of the Euphrates, at the western end of the Hawr al-Hammar lake and wetlands, about 40 km southeast of Nasiriya. Suq al-Shuyukh is a center of date and rice cultivation, which takes place in the areas to the north and west of the lake. History Suq al-Shuyukh was founded in the early 18th century to serve as the suq (i.e. marketplace) of the Muntafiq tribal confederation. The leader of the entire Muntafiq confederation resided at Kut al-Shuyukh, four hours to the east. The name "Shuyukh" refers to the members of his clan. Toward the end of the 18th century, Suq al-Shuyukh was "a small town with a mosque and surrounded by earthen walls". In the early 1800s, the town was described as "extremely dirty", and the Muntafiq's shaykh "disdained to live in the town". According to cont ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ram Zihrun
Ram Zihrun () was a 19th-century Mandaean priest. Although initially a learned layman (''yalufa''), he became known for reviving the Mandaean priesthood together with his cousin Yahya Bihram after a cholera epidemic had killed all living Mandaean priests in 1831. He is mentioned in the colophons of various Mandaean manuscripts. Ram Zihrun was also informally known by Mandaeans as Sheikh Abdullah. Early life Ram Zihrun was born sometime during the 18th century as the son of the Mandaean priest Sam Bihram (), and belonged to the ‘Aziz and Kupašia ( Khaffagi) families. Mandaean priesthood revival Ram Zihrun and his younger cousin Yahya Bihram were two ''šgandas'' (priest assistants) who were the surviving sons of deceased priests during the aftermath of the 1831 cholera epidemic. Together, the two of them went on to revive the Mandaean priesthood by initiating each other as ''tarmida'' (junior priests), and later as ''ganzibra'' (high priests), in Suq eš-Šuyuk, Iraq. As a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yahia Bihram
Yahya Bihram (also spelled Yahia Bihram; ) was a 19th-century Mandaean priest. Although initially a learned layman (''yalufa''), he became known for reviving the Mandaean priesthood after a cholera epidemic had killed all living Mandaean priests in 1831. He is mentioned in the colophons of various Mandaean manuscripts. Early life Yahya Bihram was born around 1811 as the son of the Mandaean ''ganzibra'' (high priest) Adam Yuhana (), and belonged to the Qindila ("lamp"), Kamisia, and Riš Draz families. His father, Adam Yuhana, had previously served as an informant for the British Vice-Consul John George Taylor in Basra and taught him to read the ''Ginza Rabba''. Adam Yuhana also copied the manuscripts DC 12, 38, 39, 41, and 53, which are now held at the Bodleian Library's Drower Collection. Yahya Bihram spent his childhood in Basra, in his father's large house next to Taylor's house. Taylor collected various Mandaean texts transcribed by Adam Yuhana, which were later donated to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the northeast, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, and the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. With a Ethnicities in Iran, multi-ethnic population of over 92 million in an area of , Iran ranks 17th globally in both List of countries and dependencies by area, geographic size and List of countries and dependencies by population, population. It is the List of Asian countries by area, sixth-largest country entirely in Asia and one of the world's List of mountains in Iran, most mountainous countries. Officially an Islamic republic, Iran is divided into Regions of Iran, five regions with Provinces of Iran, 31 provinces. Tehran is the nation's Capital city, capital, List of cities in Iran by province, largest city and financial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shushtar
Shushtar () is a city in the Central District of Shushtar County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Shushtar is an ancient fortress city, approximately from Ahvaz, the centre of the province. Much of its past agricultural productivity derives from the irrigation system which centered on the Band-e Kaisar, the first dam bridge in Iran. The whole water system in Shushtar consists of 13 sites called Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System which is registered as a Unesco World Heritage Site. History In the Elamite times Shushtar was known as ''Adamdun''. In the Achaemenian times its name was ''Šurkutir''. According to tradition, Shushtar was founded by the legendary king Hushang after he built Susa (aka Shush), and the name "Shushtar" was a comparative form meaning "more beautiful than Shush". Josef Marquart also interpreted the name Shushtar as being derived from Shush, but with a slightly different meaning, with the suffix ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1826–1837 Cholera Pandemic
The second cholera pandemic (1826–1837), also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across Western Asia to Europe, Great Britain, and the Americas, as well as east to China and Japan. Cholera caused more deaths than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century, and as such, researchers consider it a defining epidemic disease of the century. The medical community now believes cholera to be exclusively a human disease, spread through many means of travel during the time, and transmitted through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods. During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera. History First pandemic The first cholera pandemic (1817–24) began near Kolkata and spread throughout Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went farther; it re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
