|
Malayalam Literature
Malayalam, the lingua franca of the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (union territory), Puduchery, is one of the six classical languages of India. Malayalam literature comprises those literary texts written in Malayalam, a Dravidian languages, South-Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam ''Varthamanappusthakam'', written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar in 1785. Malayalam literature has been presented with 6 Jnanpith Award, Jnanapith awards, the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language. The Sangam literature can be considered as the ancient predecessor of Malayalam. The origin of Malayalam calendar dates back to year 825 CE. It is generally agreed that the Quilon Syrian copper plates of 849/850 CE is the available oldest inscription written in Old Malayalam. The earliest known literary works in Malayalam are ''Rama ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samkshepavedartham 1772
Samkshepa Vedartham (in Malayalam: സംക്ഷേപവേദാർത്ഥം; full title in Malayalam: നസ്രാണികൾ ഒക്കേക്കും അറിയേണ്ടുന്ന സംക്ഷേപവേദാർത്ഥം; full title in Latin: Compendiosa legis explanatio omnibus Christianis scitu necessaria Malabarico idiomate) is the first book in Malayalam language ever to be printed. Malayalam language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India, is spoken by at least 35 million people in India and has been designated as a classical language of India. ''Samkshepa Vedartham'' is basically a catechism book written in the question-answer format. It was authored by Clemente Peani (1731–1782), also known as Clemens Peanius, who was a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples who reached Kerala in 1757 and spent several years there as a Christian missionary. The book was printed in the year 1772 in Rome using movable types. Pean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramacharitam
The ''Ramacharitam'' is a Sanskrit epic poem written in ''Arya metre'' by a Bengali poet named Sandhyakar Nandi (c. 1084–1155 CE) during the Pala Empire. This work simultaneously narrates the story of the Ramayana and the Pala king Ramapala.It is mainly famous for describing the Varendra rebellion – a very critical event in early mediaeval history of Bengal. Manuscripts A palm-leaf manuscript was discovered by Haraprasad Shastri from Nepal and published in 1910 by the Asiatic Society, Kolkata. Translations in English and Bangla were published in 1939 and 1953, respectively. Author Sandhyakar Nandi was patronaged by Madanapala and his biographical details are retrieved from the ''Kaviprashasti'' (of 20 couplets) appended at the end. Nandi hailed from Brihadbatu, a village close to Pundravardhana, and was the son of Prajapati Nandi, who was the ''Sandhi-Vigrahika'' (minister of peace and war) of Ramapala. Content The poem, in four cantos, details the historical event ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ponnani
Ponnani () is a Nagar Palika (Municipality), municipality in Ponnani Taluk, Malappuram District, in the state of Kerala, India. It serves as the administrative center of the Taluk and Block Panchayat of the same name. It is situated at the estuary of Bharathapuza, Bharatappuzha (River Ponnani), on its southern bank, and is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west and a series of brackish lagoons in the south. It is the List of cities and towns in Kerala, seventh-most populated municipality in the state, the second-most populated municipality in the district, and the most densely populated municipality in Malappuram district, having about 3,646 residents per square kilometre as of the year 2011. As of the 2011 Census of India, 2011 Census, the municipality forms a part of Malappuram metropolitan area. National Highway 66, from to Panvel to Kanyakumari, passes through Ponnani Municipality. The Palakkad-Ponnani State Highway which connects National Highway 66 with National Highway ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bharathappuzha
The Bharathappuzha ("River of Bhārata"), also known as the Nila River, is a river in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. With a length of 209 km, it is the second longest river that flows through Kerala after the Periyar. It flows through the Palakkad Gap, which is also the largest opening in the Kerala portion of the Western Ghats. The Nila has groomed the culture and life of South Malabar part of Kerala. It is also referred to as the "Peraar" in ancient scripts and documents. River Bharathapuzha is an interstate river and lifeline water source for a population residing in four administrative districts, namely Malappuram and Palakkad districts, and parts of Palakkad-Thrissur district border of Kerala and Coimbatore, and Tiruppur of Tamil Nadu. The fertile Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands lie on its bank. Etymology The river originates in Tamil Nadu, Thirumoorthy Dam. Once it enters Kerala, it gets significance and has five names - Bharathappuzha, Ponnani Riv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kunchan Nambiar
Kunchan Nambiar was a prominent Malayalam poet of the 18th century (1705-1770). Apart from being a prolific poet, Nambiar is also famous as the originator of the dance art form of Thullall, most of his works were written for use in Thullal performances. Social criticism wrapped in humour is the hallmark of his works. Nambiar is one of the foremost comedians in Malayalam. Nambiar is believed to have been born at ''Kalakkathu Veedu'' at Killikkurussimangalam in Palakkad district of the south Indian state of Kerala;. He spent his early childhood at Killikkurussimangalam, his boyhood at Kudamaloor and youth at Ambalappuzha, and learnt Kalaripayattu and Sanskrit from such masters as Mathoor Panickar, Dronaballi Naicker and Nannikod Unni Ravi Kurup, before moving to the court of Marthanda Varma of Travancore in 1748; later, he served at the court of his successor Dharma Raja. By the time he reached the royal court, he had already established himself as a poet. The later part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original Anno Domini (AD) and Before Christ (BC) notations used for the same calendar era. The two notation systems are numerically equivalent: " CE" and "AD " each describe the current year; "400 BCE" and "400 BC" are the same year. The expression can be traced back to 1615, when it first appears in a book by Johannes Kepler as the (), and to 1635 in English as " Vulgar Era". The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708, and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish religious scholars. Since the late 20th century, BCE and CE have become popular in academic and scientific publications on the grounds that BCE and CE are religiously neutral terms. They have been promoted as more sensitive to non-Christia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poonthanam Nambudiri
Poonthanam Nambudiri (1547–1640 CE) was a famous poet and a devotee of Guruvayurappan, who lived in Keezhattoor in what is now Malappuram district, Kerala, India. He is remembered for his masterpiece, ''Jnanappana'' which means "the song of divine wisdom" in Malayalam. His other chief poems in Malayalam are ''Bhasha Karnamritam'' and ''Kumaraharanam'' or ''Santanagopalam Pana''. His other works include ''Raghaviyam'', ''Vishnuvilasam'' and ''Sitaraghavam'' in Sanskrit and ''Vishnugeeta'' and ''Panchatantram'' in modern Malayalam. Many hymns and prayer songs which are still popular in Kerala have been attributed to Poonthanam. Early life Poonthanam was born in 1547 in the month of Tamil calendar, masi on the day of Aswini, at Keezhattoor, near Perinthalmanna in Malapuram district, into a Namboodiri Brahmin family. He married at 20, but for a long time, they had no children. He began to propitiate the Lord of Guruvayur by reciting the ‘[Santhana Gopalam]’ and a son ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan
Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan (, ) (Floruit, ''fl.'' 16th century) was a Malayalam devotional poet, translator and linguist. He was one of the prāchīna kavithrayam (old triad) of Malayalam literature, the other two being Kunchan Nambiar and Cherusseri Namboothiri, Cherusseri. He has been called the "Father of Modern Malayalam language, Malayalam Literature", and the "Primal Poet in Malayalam". He was one of the pioneers of a major shift in Kerala's literary culture (the domesticated religious textuality associated with the Bhakti movement). His work is published and read far more than that of any of his contemporaries or predecessors in Kerala. He was born in a place called Thunjan Parambu, Thunchaththu in present-day Tirur in the Malappuram district of northern Kerala, in a traditional Hinduism, Hindu family. Little is known with certainty about his life. He was not from a brahmin community and for long, brahmins of kerala were reluctant to accept him. His success even ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classical Language In India
The Indian Classical languages, or the Śāstrīya Bhāṣā ''(Hindi)'' or the Dhrupadī Bhāṣā (''Assamese, Bengali'') or the Abhijāta Bhāṣā (''Marathi'') or the Cemmoḻi (''Tamil''), is an umbrella term for the languages of India having high antiquity, and valuable, original and distinct literary heritage. The Government of India declared in 2004 that languages that met certain strict criteria could be accorded the status of a ''classical language of India''. It was instituted by the Ministry of Culture along with the Linguistic Experts' Committee. The committee was constituted by the Government of India to consider demands for the categorisation of languages as classical languages. In 2004, Tamil became the first language to be recognised as a ''classical language of India''. As of 2024, 11 languages have been recognised as ''classical languages of India''. Criteria In the year 2004, the tentative criteria for the age of antiquity of "classical language" was assum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cherusseri Namboothiri
Cherusseri Namboothiri was a 15th-century Malayalam poet who belonged to Kolathunadu, in present-day North Malabar region of Kerala. He was a court poet of Udaya Varma (1446–1475) and the author of '' Krishna Gadha'', a poem which is considered a landmark in the development of Malayalam literature. Cherusseri Namboothiri is believed to have lived between 1375 and 1475 CE. He was born in Kanathoor village in Kolathunadu or Kolaththiri Desam (now in Vadakara, Kozhikode district, Kerala). Several scholars like P. K. Narayana Pillai and P. Govinda Pillai hold the view that Cherusseri was the name of the Namboothiri's ancestral house (''Illam''). However, according to T. K. Balakrishnan Nair, there were 12 ''cheris'' in Kolathnadu and the smallest of them was called ''Cheru-Cheri'' (''Cheru''-small; ''Cheri''-an extent of a place) which has finally taken the form of Cherusseri. There aren't many details recorded in history about the life of this poet. There is some dispute about t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion, diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age#South Asia, Bronze Age. Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism. It was a lingua franca, link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture, and of the political elites in some of these regions. As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting effect on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Indo-Aryan languages# ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manipravalam
Manipravalam (, ) is a macaronic language found in some manuscripts of South India. It is a hybrid language, typically written in the Grantha script, which combines Sanskrit lexicon and Tamil morpho-syntax.The Illustrated weekly of India, (1965). Volume 86. Bennett, Coleman & Co., Ltd. pp. 35-37 According to language scholars Giovanni Ciotti and Marco Franceschini, the blending of Tamil and Sanskrit is evidenced in manuscripts and their colophons over a long period of time, and this ultimately may have contributed to the emergence of Manipravalam. However, the 14th century Sanskrit work ''Lilatilakam'' states that Manipravalam is a combination of Tamil and Sanskrit. Generally, it is agreed that it was a combination of Middle Tamil and Sanskrit. The twelfth century has been described as a watershed moment in the history of Malayalam, where it was finally accepted as a vehicle for literary expression. The two dominant schools in Malayalam writing were the ''pattu'' and the maniprav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
