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Léon Kengo Wa Dondo
Léon Kengo wa Dondo (born Leon Lubicz; 22 May 1935) is a Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congolese politician who served as the "first state commissioner" (a title equivalent to prime minister) several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire, Zaïre. He was one of the most powerful figures in the regime and was a strong advocate of economic globalization and free-market economics. He served as President of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2007 to 2019. Early life Kengo was born in Libenge, Équateur (former province), Équateur province, Belgian Congo (later Zaire and now Democratic Republic of Congo). He is the son of a Polish Jewish father, Michał Lubicz, and a Rwandans, Rwandan Tutsi mother. He changed his name to Kengo wa Dondo in 1971 during Mobutu's Africanization (''Authenticité (Zaire), Authenticité'') campaign. Career On 11 April 1968, Kengo was appointed Procureur Général of the Kinshasa Court of Appeal. On 14 August he was promoted t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Senate Of Poland
The Senate () is the upper house of the Parliament of Poland, Polish parliament, the lower house being the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, Sejm. The history of the Polish Senate stretches back over 500 years; it was one of the first constituent bodies of a bicameral parliament in Europe and existed without hiatus until the final Partitions of Poland, partition of the Polish state in 1795. The contemporary Senate is composed of 100 senators elected by a universal ballot and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate (''Marszałek Senatu''). The incumbent Marshal of the Senate is Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska. Following a brief period of existence under the Second Polish Republic, the Senate was again abolished by the authorities of the Polish People's Republic. It was not re-established until the collapse of the communist government and reinstatement of democracy in Poland in 1989. The Senate is based in Warsaw and is located in a building which forms part of the Sejm Complex on Wiejs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Léon Mamboleo
Léon Mamboleo Mughuba was born in December 1936 in Kagozi in Mwenga. He is a politician from the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo (the last ambiguously also referring to the neighbouring Republic of the Congo), is a country in Central Africa. By land area, it is t ..., former minister in several national governments since 1960. He was the interim president of the senate after his election in 2018, and currently sits as a Senator. Early life After primary studies at the Mero school in Kamituga, he completed his secondary studies at the Petit Séminaire de Mungombe, where he obtained his diploma in Greek-Latin humanities in 1953. The same year, he passed his Jury - in Léopoldville - with honour; which opens the doors to Lovanium University. He was one of the first 5 Doctors of Law in the history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1963 (togethe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Of Cassation (Democratic Republic Of The Congo)
The Court of Cassation () is the main court of last resort in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo (the last ambiguously also referring to the neighbouring Republic of the Congo), is a country in Central Africa. By land area, it is t .... It has its seat in the Kinshasa Palace of Justice. The Court judges final appeals with respect to the "normal" system of justice, excluding cases of administrative justice, which go before the ''Conseil d'État''. The court consists of 26 justices, organized into legislative and judiciary sections. Judges are nominated by the Judicial Service Council, a separate and independent body composed of judges from the lower courts and public prosecutors. The first president of the Court of Cassation also sits on the General Assembly, which makes decisions on matters within the scope of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary (, CSM). Per Congol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authenticité (Zaire)
''Authenticité'', sometimes Zairisation or Zairianisation in English, was an official state ideology of the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko that originated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in what was first the Democratic Republic of Congo, later renamed Zaire. The authenticity campaign was an effort to rid the country of the lingering vestiges of colonialism and the continuing influence of Western culture and to create a more centralized and singular national identity. The policy, as implemented, included numerous changes to the state, and to private life, including the renaming of the Congo, and its cities, as well as an eventual mandate that Zairians were to abandon their Christian names for more "authentic" ones. In addition, Western-style attire was banned and replaced with the Mao-style tunic labeled the " abacost" and its female equivalent. The policy began to wane in the late 1970s and had mostly been abandoned by 1990. It was formally abolished by President Laurent Kabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Africanization
Africanization or Africanisation (lit., making something African) has been applied in various contexts, notably in geographic and personal naming and in the composition of the civil service via processes such as indigenization. Africanization of names Africanization has referred to the modification of place names and personal names to reflect an "African" identity. In some cases, changes are not only of transliteration but of the European name. In many cases during the colonial period, African placenames were Anglicized or Francized. Place names Country names Various African countries have undergone name changes during the previous century as the result of consolidations and secessions, territories gaining sovereignty, and regime changes. Other place names *Fernando Po island changed to Bioko Island *Léopoldville changed to Kinshasa *Salisbury changed to Harare *Lourenço Marques changed to Maputo *Nova Lisboa changed to Huambo *Fort Lamy changed to N'Djaména *Tanana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gérard Prunier
Gérard Prunier (born 14 October 1942 in Paris ) is a French academic, historian, and consultant. He specializes in African history and affairs —particularly the Horn of Africa and the African Great Lakes regions. Biography Prunier received a PhD in African History in 1981 from the University of Paris, spending a year at Harvard University and a stay in Caracas, Venezuela. In 1984, he joined the CNRS scientific institution in Paris as a researcher. He later also became Director of the French Centre for Ethiopian Studies in Addis Ababa. Prunier has published over 120 articles and five books. He is fluent in his native French, as well as English and Spanish. He also has good knowledge of Italian and German, and a basic knowledge of Juba Arabic (South Sudanese colloquial Arabic) and Swahili. Published works ;Books * ''Les Ethnies ont une histoire'' (ed. with ), Paris : Karthala, 1989, * ''L'Ouganda et la question indienne : 1896-1972'', Paris : Editions Recherche sur les ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Bulletin (Brussels Weekly)
''The Bulletin'' is an English-language news magazine based in Brussels, Belgium. Founded in 1962 as a weekly magazine, it is the oldest media outlet in English in Belgium and remains one of the oldest English-language publications in Continental Europe. Today it claims a monthly online audience of 150,000 unique readers mostly from the large expatriate community of the European Union's capital. Publication became quarterly in 2012. Regular contributors in the past have included the author and one-time British Labour MP Dick Leonard, who wrote about Belgian politics, and John Palmer, formerly Europe Editor of ''The Guardian'' (London) and former Political Director of the European Policy Centre. History ''"From now on, non-Belgian, English-speaking residents have a voice of their own. That voice: The Bulletin. YOUR weekly." – Monique Ackroyd, 1962'' On 21 September 1962, Monique Ackroyd successfully completed the first issue of ''The Bulletin''. Created in the basement of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tutsi
The Tutsi ( ), also called Watusi, Watutsi or Abatutsi (), are an ethnic group of the African Great Lakes region. They are a Bantu languages, Bantu-speaking ethnic group and the second largest of three main ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi (the other two being the largest Bantu peoples, Bantu ethnic group Hutu and the African Pygmies, Pygmy group of the Twa). Historically, the Tutsi were Pastoralism, pastoralists and filled the ranks of the warriors' caste. Before 1962, they regulated and controlled Rwandan society, which was composed of Tutsi aristocracy and Hutu commoners, utilizing a clientship structure. They occupied the dominant positions in the sharply stratified society and constituted the ruling class. Origins and classification The historian Christopher Ehret believes that the Tutsi mainly descend from speakers of an extinct branch of South Cushitic languages, South Cushitic he calls "Tale south Cushitic." The Tale southern cushites entered the Great Lakes region s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rwandans
The Banyarwanda (, plural; , singular) are a Bantu ethnolinguistic supraethnicity native to the northern African Great Lakes region, primarily the modern countries of Rwanda and Burundi. The Banyarwanda are also ethnic minorities in neighboring DR Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. Although the ethnic make-up of Burundi is similar to that of Rwanda, ''Banyarwanda'' is a political neologism used solely in Rwanda since the 1990s in order to mitigate ethnic division within the country following the Rwandan Civil War and the 1994 Rwandan genocide. In the 1930s the Belgian colonial authorities, who controlled both Congo, Rwanda and Burundi at the time, implemented programs to encourage large numbers of Banyarwanda to emigrate to the Belgian Congo from Rwanda and Burundi. The population of Banyarwanda has increased later by large numbers fleeing violence in those two countries especially in the 1960s and the 1990s. An estimated 524,098 Banyarwanda live in Uganda, where they live in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Senate Of The Democratic Republic Of The Congo
The Senate ( French: ''Sénat'') is the upper house of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The senate was established in 1960, abolished in 1967 and re-established in 2003. During the transition period in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003 - 2006), the Senate, aside from its legislative role, also had the task of drafting the country's new constitution. This task came to fruition with the adoption of the draft in Parliament in May 2005, and its approval by the Congolese people, in a successful democratic referendum on 18 and 19 December 2005. The current president of the Senate is Sama Lukonde, elected in 12 August 2024. The secretary general is Jean Mukuala Bateke. The most recent Senate was sworn in on January 28, 2019. Election Senators were elected under the new constitution on 19 January 2007 by the provincial parliaments of their respective provinces. Members of the Senate are indirectly elected by the Provincial Assemblies. Each of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free-market
In economics, a free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers. Such markets, as modeled, operate without the intervention of government or any other external authority. Proponents of the free market as a normative ideal contrast it with a regulated market, in which a government intervenes in supply and demand by means of various methods such as taxes or regulations. In an idealized free market economy, prices for goods and services are set solely by the bids and offers of the participants. Scholars contrast the concept of a free market with the concept of a coordinated market in fields of study such as political economy, new institutional economics, economic sociology, and political science. All of these fields emphasize the importance in currently existing market systems of rule-making institutions external to the simple forces of supply and demand which create space for those ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Economic Globalization
Economic globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in academic literature, with the two others being political globalization and cultural globalization, as well as the general term of globalization. Economic globalization refers to the widespread international movement of goods, capital, services, technology and information. It is the increasing economic integration and interdependence of national, regional, and local economies across the world through an intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital. Economic globalization primarily comprises the globalization of production, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions, corporations, and people.James et al., vols. 1–4 (2007) While economic globalization has been expanding since the emergence of trans-national trade, it has grown at an increased rate due to improvements in the efficiency of long-distance transportation, adva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
