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Loi Pour Une République Numérique
The loi pour une République numérique (abr. loi numérique) is a French law first proposed by Axelle Lemaire, Secretary of State for Digital Affairs, voted on 7 October 2016. This law aims to fulfill a two-fold purpose : "to give France a head start in the digital field by promoting an open data and knowledge policy" and to "adopt a progressive digital approach, based on individuals, to strengthen their power to act and their rights in the digital world". To do so, the law is organized around three lines: the circulation of data and knowledge, the protection of individuals in the digital society and access to digital for all. The discussion began with an online public consultation, until 18 October 2015, then, enriched with some proposals from Internet users, the law was debated and voted in the National Assembly from 19 to 26 January 2016. It follows the "Digital Ambition" consultation led by Benoit Thieulin and Yann Bonnet, as part of the work of the National Digital Council. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Axelle Lemaire Par Claude Truong-Ngoc Avril 2015
Axelle is a French language feminine given name, a derivative of the Scandinavian languages, Scandinavian name Axel (name), Axel. Notable people with the name include: * Axelle Axell (born 1937), Swedish actress * Axelle Carolyn (born 1979), Belgian filmmaker * Axelle Crevier (born 1997), Canadian water polo player * Axelle Dauwens (born 1990), Belgian athlete * Axelle Étienne (born 1998), French cyclist * Axelle Kabou (born 1955), Cameroonian journalist * Axelle Klinckaert (born 2000), Belgian gymnast * Axelle Laffont (born 1970), French actress and comedian * Axelle Lemaire (born 1974), French politician * Axelle Mollaret (born 1992), French skyrunner and ski mountaineer * Axelle Red (born 1968), Belgian singer-songwriter * Axelle Renoir (born 1969), French singer and composer See also * Axel (other) {{given name French feminine given names Feminine given names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trusted Computing
Trusted Computing (TC) is a technology developed and promoted by the Trusted Computing Group. The term is taken from the field of trusted systems and has a specialized meaning that is distinct from the field of confidential computing. With Trusted Computing, the computer will consistently behave in expected ways, and those behaviors will be enforced by computer hardware and software. Enforcing this behavior is achieved by loading the hardware with a unique encryption key that is inaccessible to the rest of the system and the owner. TC is controversial as the hardware is not only secured for its owner, but also against its owner, leading opponents of the technology like free software activist Richard Stallman to deride it as "treacherous computing", and certain scholarly articles to use scare quotes when referring to the technology. Trusted Computing proponents such as International Data Corporation, the Enterprise Strategy Group and Endpoint Technologies Associates state that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digital Commons (economics)
The digital commons refers to shared digital resources—such as software, knowledge, data, and cultural content—that are collectively produced and governed by a community and intended for public use. These commons are distinguished by open access, participatory management, and licensing practices that preserve reuse and redistribution. Digital commons play a vital role in areas such as education, research, software development, and civic engagement. Examples of the digital commons include wikis, open-source software, and open-source licensing. The distinction between digital commons and other digital resources is that the community of people building them can intervene in the governing of their interaction processes and of their shared resources.Fuster Morell, M. (2010, p. 5). Dissertation: Governance of online creation communities: Provision of infrastructure for the building of digital commons. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14709 The digital commons provides the community with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Net Neutrality
Net neutrality, sometimes referred to as network neutrality, is the principle that Internet service providers (ISPs) must treat all Internet communications equally, offering User (computing), users and online content providers consistent transfer rates regardless of content, website, computing platform, platform, application software, application, type of equipment, source address, destination address, or method of communication (i.e., without price discrimination). Net neutrality was advocated for in the 1990s by the presidential administration of Presidency of Bill Clinton, Bill Clinton in the United States. Clinton signed of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, an amendment to the Communications Act of 1934. In 2025, an American court ruled that Internet companies should not be regulated like utilities, which weakened net neutrality regulation and put the decision in the hands of the United States Congress and state legislatures. Supporters of net neutrality argue that it p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Access
Open access (OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which nominally copyrightable publications are delivered to readers free of access charges or other barriers. With open access strictly defined (according to the 2001 definition), or libre open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an open license for copyright, which regulates post-publication uses of the work. The main focus of the open access movement has been on "peer reviewed research literature", and more specifically on academic journals. This is because: * such publications have been a subject of serials crisis, unlike newspapers, magazines and fiction writing. The main difference between these two groups is in demand elasticity: whereas an English literature curriculum can substitute '' Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' with a free-domain alternative, such as '' A Voyage to Lilliput,'' an emergency room physician treating a patient for a lif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Civil Rights Framework For The Internet
Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet (in Portuguese: Marco Civil da Internet, officially (Federal) Law No 12.965/2014) is the law that governs the use of the Internet in Brazil and sets out guidelines for state action and rights and duties for users and operators. The bill was approved by the Brazilian Congress Câmara dos Deputados on March 25, 2014 and was submitted to the Senado Federal. The Marco Civil was approved by the Brazilian Senate on April 22, 2014 and signed into law by president Dilma Rousseff on April 23, 2014, at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance. History The project was created in partnership between the Ministry of Justice and the Center for Technology and Society of the Law School at the Fundação Getúlio Vargas, at the time directed by professor Ronaldo Lemos. Both institutions launched on October 29, 2009 the first draft phase of a collaborative process to build the draft for the Marco Civil. The Marco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digital Divide
The digital divide is the unequal access to information technology, digital technology, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and the internet. The digital divide worsens inequality around access to information and resources. In the Information Age, people without access to the Internet and other technology are at a disadvantage, for they are unable or less able to connect with others, find and apply for jobs, shop, and learn. People who are homeless, living in poverty, elderly people, and those living in rural communities may have limited access to the Internet; in contrast, urban middle class and upper-class people have easy access to the Internet. Another divide is between producers and consumers of Internet content, which could be a result of educational disparities. While social media use varies across age groups, a US 2010 study reported no racial divide. History The historical roots of the digital divide in America refer to the increasing gap that occurred during the ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jérôme Durain
Jérôme Durain (born 2 June 1969) is a French politician serving as a member of the Senate since 2014. He is a member of the Regional Council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and served as vice president of the Regional Council of Burgundy The Regional Council of Burgundy (, ) was the deliberative assembly administering the Burgundy region until its merger in December 2015. The term can also, in a more restricted sense, designate the elected assembly which defined the policy of th ... from 2012 to 2015. References 1969 births Living people Socialist Party (France) politicians French senators of the Fifth Republic Senators of Saône-et-Loire Members of the Regional Council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 21st-century French politicians {{France-politician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rudy Salles
Rudy Salles (born July 30, 1954 in Nice) was a member of the National Assembly of France from 1988 to 2017, representing the Alpes-Maritimes department, as a member of first the Union for French Democracy, then the New Centre. In addition to his work in parliament, Salles served as member of the French delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 2002 until 2007 and again from 2010 until 2017. In this capacity, he was a full member of the Committee on Rules of Procedure, Immunities and Institutional Affairs as well as a substitute on the Committee on the Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The court hears applications alleging that a co .... References 1954 births Living people Politicians from Nice Union for French Democr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manuel Valls
Manuel Carlos Valls Galfetti (born 13August 1962) is a French–Spanish politician who serves as Minister of the Overseas in the Bayrou government since 2024. He served as Prime Minister of France from 2014 until 2016 under president François Hollande and was also involved in Politics of Spain, Spanish politics from 2018 to 2021. Born in Barcelona to a Spanish father and a Swiss people, Swiss mother, Valls grew up in France. He was Mayor (France), mayor of Évry, Essonne, Évry from 2001 to 2012 and was first elected to the National Assembly of France for Essonne in 2002. He was regarded as belonging to the Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party's social liberalism, social liberal wing, sharing common orientations with Blairism. He was Minister of the Interior (France), Minister of the Interior from 2012 to 2014 and Prime Minister from 2014 to 2016. He was a candidate in the French Socialist Party presidential primary, 2017, Socialist Party primary for the 2017 French pres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
