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List Of Kongsi
The kongsi federations of West Borneo were Chinese autonomous entities that conducted the mining of gold, and later expanded to other fields of business, based mainly in the Montrado and Mandor areas. The region never unified into one kongsi federation, and rather was a conglomeration of small kongsi organizations that mainly pledged to two ''zongting'' ( assembly halls): the Heshun Confederation and Lanfang Republic The Lanfang Republic (, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ''Làn-fông Khiung-fò-koet''), also known as Lanfang Company (), was a Chinese kongsi federation and a tributary state of Qing China in Western Borneo. It was established by a Hakka Chinese named in 1 ... in Montrado and Mandor, respectively. The following is a list of all mentioned kongsis and general Chinese organizations that we have from existing records and later Dutch accounts. Kongsis before the formation of Heshun (mid-18th century – 1776) Organizations mentioned in the ''Chronicle of the Lanfang Kongsi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kongsi Republic
The kongsi republics (), also known as kongsi democracies () or kongsi federations (), were self-governing political entities in Borneo that formed as federations of Chinese mining communities known as kongsis. By the mid-nineteenth century, the kongsi republics controlled most of western Borneo. The three largest kongsi republics were the Lanfang Republic, the Heshun Confederation (Fosjoen), and the Santiaogou Federation (Samtiaokioe) after it had split from the Heshun. Commercial kongsis were common in Chinese diasporic communities throughout the world, but the kongsi republics of Borneo were unique in that they were sovereign states that controlled large swaths of territory. This characteristic distinguishes them from the sultanates of Southeast Asia, which held authority over their subjects, yet did not control the territory where their subjects resided. The kongsi republics competed with the Dutch over the control of Borneo, culminating in three Kongsi Wars in 1822–24, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Former Republics
A former is an object, such as a template, gauge or cutting die, which is used to form something such as a boat's hull. Typically, a former gives shape to a structure that may have complex curvature. A former may become an integral part of the finished structure, as in an aircraft fuselage, or it may be removable, being using in the construction process and then discarded or re-used. Aircraft formers Formers are used in the construction of aircraft fuselage, of which a typical fuselage has a series from the nose to the empennage, typically perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. The primary purpose of formers is to establish the shape of the fuselage and reduce the column length of stringers to prevent instability. Formers are typically attached to longerons, which support the skin of the aircraft. The "former-and-longeron" technique (also called stations and stringers) was adopted from boat construction, and was typical of light aircraft built until the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Diaspora In Southeast Asia
Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of various ethnicities in contemporary China ** Han Chinese, the largest ethnic group in the world and the majority ethnic group in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and Singapore ** Ethnic minorities in China, people of non-Han Chinese ethnicities in modern China ** Ethnic groups in Chinese history, people of various ethnicities in historical China ** Nationals of the People's Republic of China ** Nationals of the Republic of China ** Overseas Chinese, Chinese people residing outside the territories of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan * Sinitic languages, the major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family ** Chinese language, a group of related languages spoken predominantly in China, sharing a written script (Chinese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kongsi Federations
The kongsi republics (), also known as kongsi democracies () or kongsi federations (), were self-governing political entities in Borneo that formed as federations of Chinese mining communities known as kongsis. By the mid-nineteenth century, the kongsi republics controlled most of western Borneo. The three largest kongsi republics were the Lanfang Republic, the Heshun Confederation (Fosjoen), and the Santiaogou Federation (Samtiaokioe) after it had split from the Heshun. Commercial kongsis were common in Chinese diasporic communities throughout the world, but the kongsi republics of Borneo were unique in that they were sovereign states that controlled large swaths of territory. This characteristic distinguishes them from the sultanates of Southeast Asia, which held authority over their subjects, yet did not control the territory where their subjects resided. The kongsi republics competed with the Dutch over the control of Borneo, culminating in three Kongsi Wars in 1822–24, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lintian Republic
The Lintian Republic (Chinese: 霖田公司, Hakka/Dutch: Lim-Thian; "Misty fields company"), known post-1850 as Xinle Republic (Chinese: 新樂公司, Hakka/Dutch: Xim-Lok; "New happiness company") was an autonomous Chinese kongsi federation located in the Budok (Chinese: 烏落, Hakka: Boedok) district of West Kalimantan, Borneo. It joined the Heshun Confederation in 1850 and was dissolved in 1854 at the hands of the Dutch East Indies. Demographics Early on, settlers in Lintian were mainly Banshanke ("half-mountain Hakkas"), a bilingual group that spoke both Hakka and Hokkien, all exclusively from the Jiexi County. In fact, the Lintian was named so after a temple in Jieyang, a city of Jiexi County, the Jieyang Lintian ancestral temple (揭阳霖田祖庙), dedicated to the Sanshan Guowang (Lords of the Three Mountains). Indeed, the Sanshan Guowang cult also played a very important role in the Lintian overseas community; its own branch temple in Budok was founded in the 1780 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kengwei Republic
The Kengwei Republic (Chinese: 坑尾公司, Hakka/ Dutch: Hang-Moei; "End of the pit company") was an autonomous Chinese kongsi federation associated with Montrado (Chinese: 打勞鹿, Hakka: Montradok) district of West Kalimantan, Borneo but operates mainly in territories west of Montrado. It joined the Heshun Confederation in 1776 and was dissolved in 1839 at the hands of the Dagang kongsi. History Records document that the members of the Kengwei kongsi came mainly from the localities of Guishan in Guizhou, a landlocked province in China. They were moderately powerful, having mines that operated in Pangkalan Batu (Chinese: 祭下港, Hakka: Pangkalan-Batoe), Luxiaheng (Chinese: 路下橫, Hakka: Loehawang), Kulor (Chinese: 骨律, Hakka: Koelor), and the Kengweishan (Chinese: 坑尾山, Hakka: Hang-moei-san), a hill named after the ''kongsi''. At the time they joined the Heshun Confederation in 1776, the Kengwei also owned two privatized mines, the Jinhe 金和 and Guang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xinwu Kongsi , Sui County, Suizhou, Hubei, China
{{Geodis ...
Xinwu may refer to: * Xinwu District, Taoyuan (新屋區), district of Taoyuan, Taiwan * Xinwu District, Wuxi (新吴区), district of Wuxi, Jiangsu, China * Xinwu, Gaocheng, a village in Gaocheng Gaocheng may refer to the following locations in China: * Gaocheng District (), a district of Shijiazhuang, Hebei * Gaocheng Township (高城乡), a township in Xinzhou, Shanxi Towns * Gaocheng, Henan (告成), in Dengfeng, Henan * Gaocheng, Hub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
