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List Of Doping Cases In Cycling
The following is an incomplete list of doping cases and recurring accusations of doping in professional cycling, where doping means "use of physiological substances or abnormal method to obtain an artificial increase of performance." It is neither a list of shame nor a list of illegality, as the first laws were not passed until 1965 and their implementation is an ongoing developing process. Thus the list contains doping incidents, those who have tested positive for illegal performance-enhancing drugs, prohibited recreational drugs or have been suspended by a sports governing body for failure to submit to mandatory drug testing. It also contains and clarifies cases where subsequent evidence and explanation has shown the parties to be innotrcent of illegal practice. In 1963, the Council of Europe gave the following definition of doping: "Doping is the administration to a normal subject in any possible way of a foreign agent or abnormal quantities of physiological substances with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cycle Sport
Cycle sport is Competition, competitive physical activity using bicycles. There are several categories of bicycle racing including road bicycle racing, cyclo-cross, mountain bike racing, track cycling, BMX, and cycle speedway. Non-racing cycling sports include artistic cycling, cycle polo, freestyle BMX, mountain bike trials, Hardcourt Bike Polo, hardcourt bike polo and cycleball. The (UCI) is the world Sport governing body, governing body for cycling and international competitive cycling events. The International Human Powered Vehicle Association is the governing body for human-powered vehicles that imposes far fewer restrictions on their design than does the UCI. The UltraMarathon Cycling Association is the governing body for many ultra-distance cycling races. Bicycle racing is recognised as an Olympic sport. Bicycle races are popular all over the world, especially in Europe. The countries most devoted to bicycle racing include Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catford
Catford is a district in south east London, England, and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Lewisham. It is southwest of Lewisham itself, mostly in the Rushey Green (ward), Rushey Green and Catford South Ward (electoral subdivision), wards. The population of Catford, including Bellingham, London, Bellingham, was 44,905 in 2011. Catford covers most of SE postcode area, SE6 postcode district. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. History Toponymy The origin of the name is unknown. Speculation suggests it may derive from the place where cattle Ford (crossing), crossed the river River Ravensbourne, Ravensbourne in Anglo-Saxon times or from wild cats using the river crossing. Governance Catford is covered by the Rushey Green (ward), Rushey Green and Catford South wards in the London Borough of Lewisham. It also makes up a large part of the Lewisham East (UK Parliament constituency), Lewisham East constituency. Bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloroform
Chloroform, or trichloromethane (often abbreviated as TCM), is an organochloride with the formula and a common solvent. It is a volatile, colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid produced on a large scale as a precursor to refrigerants and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Chloroform was once used as an inhalational anesthetic between the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. It is miscible with many solvents but it is only very slightly soluble in water (only 8 g/L at 20°C). Structure and name The molecule adopts a tetrahedral molecular geometry with C3v symmetry. The chloroform molecule can be viewed as a methane molecule with three hydrogen atoms replaced with three chlorine atoms, leaving a single hydrogen atom. The name "chloroform" is a portmanteau of ''terchloride'' (tertiary chloride, a trichloride) and ''formyle'', an obsolete name for the methylylidene radical (CH) derived from formic acid. Natural occurrence Many kinds of seaweed produce chlor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Pélissier
Charles Pélissier (20 February 1903 – 28 May 1959) was a French racing cyclist, between 1922 and 1939, winning 16 stages in the Tour de France. The number of eight stages won in the 1930 Tour de France is still a record, shared with Eddy Merckx (1970 Tour de France, 1970, 1974 Tour de France, 1974) and Freddy Maertens (1976 Tour de France, 1976). In addition to his 8-stage wins that year, Pélissier also finished second place 7 times. In the 1931 Tour de France after stage 5, he shared the lead for one day with Rafaele di Paco. Pélissier was the younger brother of racing cyclists Francis Pélissier and Henri Pélissier. Pélissier was born and died in Paris. Major results ;1925 :Paris-Arras ;1926 : national cyclo-cross champion ;1927 : national cyclo-cross champion :Mont-Faron ;1928 : national cyclo-cross champion ;1929 :1929 Tour de France, Tour de France: ::Winner stage 16 :GP du Mathonnais ;1930 :1930 Tour de France, Tour de France: ::Winner stages 1, 3, 10, 11, 18, 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francis Pélissier
Francis Pélissier (13 June 1894 – 22 February 1959) was a French professional road racing cyclist from Paris. He was the younger brother of Tour de France winner Henri Pélissier, and the older brother of Tour de France stage winner Charles Pélissier. He won several classic cycle races like Paris–Tours, Bordeaux–Paris and Grand Prix Wolber. He also won the French National Road Race Championship three times (1921, 1923 and 1924) as well as two stages at the Tour de France. Major results ;1919 :Tour de France: ::Winner stage 3 : Nancy-Brussels ;1920 : Tour du Sud-Est ;1921 :Circuit Aisne-Oise : national road race champion :Paris–Tours ;1922 : Bordeaux–Paris ;1923 : national road race champion ;1924 : national road race champion :Bordeaux–Paris : Tour of the Basque Country ;1926 : GP Wolber : Critérium des As :Critérium International de Cyclo-cross, Cyclo-cross ;1927 :Tour de France The Tour de France () is an annual men's multiple-stage cycle sport, bicy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henri Pélissier
Henri Pélissier (; 22 January 1889 – 1 May 1935) was a French Bicycle racing, racing cyclist from Paris and champion of the 1923 Tour de France, 1923 Tour de France. In addition to his 29 career victories, he was known for his long-standing feud with Tour founder Henri Desgrange and for protesting against the conditions endured by riders in the early years of the Tour. He was killed by his lover with the gun that his wife had used to commit suicide. Background Pélissier was one of four brothers, three of whom became professional cyclists. He began racing professionally in 1911 and amassed important victories before the World War I, First World War, including the 1912 Milan–San Remo and three stages in the 1914 Tour de France. After the war he resumed competition, winning Paris–Roubaix in 1919 and the second (and final) running of the Circuit des Champs de Bataille in 1920. He entered the Tour de France in 1920 and for the next four years. Before the 1921 Paris–Roubaix, P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Duboc
Paul Duboc (2 April 1884 – 19 August 1941) was a French professional road bicycle racer from 1907 through 1927. Despite winning 5 career stages in the Tour de France, he may be most remembered for being disqualified at the 1919 Tour de France for borrowing a car to go and repair his pedal axle. In 1911, Duboc was close to winning the Tour de France, when he became ill after drinking from a poisoned bottle given to him. His fans were blaming the classification leader Gustave Garrigou, and the Tour organizers advised Garrigou to ride under disguise. Duboc would end the 1911 Tour de France in second place, his best result. Major results ;1907 :Paris-Rungis ;1908 : 11th, Overall, Tour de France ;1909 – Alcyon : 1st, Overall, Tour of Belgium : 4th, Overall, Tour de France :: 1st, Stage 13, ( Brest - Caen, 415 km) :: 2nd, Stage 10, (Bayonne - Bordeaux, 269 km) :: 3rd, Stage 6, (Grenoble - Nice, 345 km) ;1911 : 2nd, Overall, Tour de France :: 1st, Stage 8, (Marseille - Per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delirium Tremens
Delirium tremens (DTs; ) is a rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol. When it occurs, it is often three days into the withdrawal symptoms and lasts for two to three days. Physical effects may include shaking, shivering, irregular heart rate, and sweating. People may also hallucinate. Occasionally, a very high body temperature or seizures (colloquially known as "rum fits") may result in death. Delirium tremens typically occurs only in people with a high intake of alcohol for more than a month, followed by sharply reduced intake. A similar syndrome may occur with benzodiazepine and barbiturate withdrawal. In a person with delirium tremens, it is important to rule out other associated problems such as electrolyte abnormalities, pancreatitis, and alcoholic hepatitis. Prevention is by treating withdrawal symptoms using similarly acting compounds to taper off the use of the precipitating substance in a controlled fashion. If delirium tremens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New York City
New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive with a respective county. The city is the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the United States by both population and urban area. New York is a global center of finance and commerce, culture, technology, entertainment and media, academics, and scientific output, the arts and fashion, and, as home to the headquarters of the United Nations, international diplomacy. With an estimated population in 2024 of 8,478,072 distributed over , the city is the most densely populated major city in the United States. New York City has more than double the population of Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haslingden
Haslingden is a town in Rossendale, Lancashire, England. It is north of Manchester. The name means 'valley of the hazels' or 'valley growing with hazels'. At the time of the 2011 census the town (including Helmshore) had a population of 15,969. The town is surrounded by high moorland; 370 m (1215 ft) to the north; 396 m (1300 ft) Cribden to the east; 418 m (1372 ft) Bull Hill to the south.Murray's Lancashire Architectural Guide/Peter Fleetwood-Hesketh 1955 Haslingden is the birthplace of the industrialist John Cockerill (1790–1840) and the composer Alan Rawsthorne (1905–1971), and was the home for many years of the Irish Republican leader, Michael Davitt (1846–1906). Haslingden Cricket Club is a member of the Lancashire League. History There is some evidence of Bronze Age human presence in the area of Haslingden. Thirteen Stones Hill is west of the town and probably dates from about 3000BC. There is now just one stone visible. Par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Major Taylor
Marshall Walter "Major" Taylor (November 26, 1878 – June 21, 1932) was an American professional Cycle sport, cyclist. He has been called "the first Black American global sports superstar." He was born and raised in Indianapolis, where he worked in bicycle shops and began racing multiple distances in the Track cycling, track and Road bicycle racing, road disciplines of cycling. As a teenager, he moved to Worcester, Massachusetts, with his employer/coach/mentor and continued his successful amateur career, which included breaking track records. Taylor turned professional in 1896, at the age of 18, living in cities on the East Coast of the United States, East Coast and participating in multiple track events including Six-day racing, six-day races. He moved his focus to the Sprint (track cycling), sprint event in 1897, competing in a national racing circuit, winning many races and gaining popularity with the public. In 1898 and 1899, he set numerous List of world records in track ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
