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Lchashen–Metsamor Culture
Lchashen-Metsamor culture () is an archeological culture of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (1500-700 BCE) in the South Caucasus. It was mainly spread in areas of present-day Armenia. Lchashen-Metsamor pottery was also found in the Ağrı Province of Turkey and in southern Georgia. Description A specific grooved pottery is associated with this culture. The construction of widespread cyclopean fortresses at the end of the Bronze Age and cities, indicate population growth and urbanization in the territory of Armenia. A number of bronze items, such as bronze belts, have been discovered at Lchashen–Metsamor sites. A fully preserved four-wheeled chariot was found at Lchashen. Categorization Archaeologists have divided the Lchashen–Metsamor culture into five main stages. Late Bronze Age - LM 1,2,3 Early Iron Age - LM 4.5 The sixth stage, which arises from the local synthesis of Urartian culture, has been left out. Identity Archaeologists connect the Lchashen–Mets ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Armenia, Georgia (country), Georgia, and Azerbaijan, which are sometimes collectively known as the Caucasian States. The total area of these countries measures about . The South Caucasus and the North Caucasus together comprise the larger Caucasus geographical region that divides Eurasia. The South Caucasus is a dynamic and complex region where the three countries have pursued distinct geopolitical pathways. Geography The South Caucasus spans the southern portion of the Caucasus Mountains and their lowlands, straddling the border between the continents of Europe and Asia, and extending southwards from the southern part of the Main Caucasian Range of southwestern Russia to the Turkey, Turkish and Armenian borders, and from the Black Sea in the west ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Late Bronze Age
The Bronze Age () was a historical period characterised principally by the use of bronze tools and the development of complex urban societies, as well as the adoption of writing in some areas. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of the three-age system, following the Stone Age and preceding the Iron Age. Conceived as a global era, the Bronze Age follows the Neolithic, with a transition period between the two known as the Chalcolithic. The final decades of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean basin are often characterised as a period of widespread societal collapse known as the Late Bronze Age collapse (), although its severity and scope are debated among scholars. An ancient civilisation is deemed to be part of the Bronze Age if it either produced bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying it with tin, arsenic, or other metals, or traded other items for bronze from producing areas elsewhere. Bronze Age cultures were the first to develop writing. According to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iron Age
The Iron Age () is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progressing to protohistory (before written history). In this usage, it is preceded by the Stone Age (subdivided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic) and Bronze Age. These concepts originated for describing Iron Age Europe and the ancient Near East. In the archaeology of the Americas, a five-period system is conventionally used instead; indigenous cultures there did not develop an iron economy in the pre-Columbian era, though some did work copper and bronze. Indigenous metalworking arrived in Australia with European contact. Although meteoric iron has been used for millennia in many regions, the beginning of the Iron Age is defined locally around the world by archaeological convention when the production of Smelting, smelted iron (espe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metsamor Site
The Metsamor site is the remains of an old fortress located to the southwest of the Armenian village of Taronik, in the Armavir Province. While a belief was long held according to which the city of Metsamor was destroyed by the Urartians during the Iron Age, researchers now believe it was destroyed by Scythian or Cimmerian nomads. History The central part of the site lies on a hill overlooking the Ararat Valley. Research has been conducted in the fortified citadel and the so-called lower town lying below it, as well as in the cemetery located about 500 m to the east. Already in the first seasons, an undisturbed stratigraphic sequence from the Bronze Age (the Kura-Arax period) to the medieval times was documented. The oldest traces of settlement date to the turn of the 4th millennium BC (Chalcolithic), the youngest, to the 17th century. In the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages (15th–8th century BC), the settlement became an important religious and economic center with a developed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lchashen
Lchashen () is a village in the Sevan Municipality of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. History The settlement dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. It has a Bronze Age cemetery, a Urartian Iron Age fortress, and a 13th-century church. It is an important archaeological site associated with the Lchashen-Metsamor culture (Etiuni). Gallery Red Monastery in Lchashen 16.JPG, A view of Lchashen from the Red Monastery Древняя крепость рядом с Лчашеном - 03.jpg, Urartian Fortress and Lake Sevan Հուշարձան Երկրորդ աշխարհամարտում զոհվածներին, Գեղարքունիքի մարզ, գ․Լճաշեն - 06.jpg, WWII monument Լճաշենի սուրբ Հռիփսիմե եկեղեցի 27.jpg, St. Hripsime Church Լճաշենի սուրբ Հռիփսիմե եկեղեցի 21.jpg, Khachkar in St. Hripsime Church Lchashen Gandzavank church (5).jpg, Gandzavank Church Red Monastery in Lchashen 148.JPG, Red Monastery Լճաշեն ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trialeti–Vanadzor Culture
The Trialeti-Vanadzor culture, also known simply as the Trialeti culture and previously referred to as the Trialeti-Kirovakan culture, is named after the Trialeti region in present-day Georgia and the city of Vanadzor in Armenia. This Bronze Age culture flourished between the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BCE, marking a significant phase of sociocultural and technological development in the South Caucasus. It arose in the territories previously inhabited by the Kura–Araxes culture, representing a notable cultural and material transition that includes advancements in metallurgy, burial practices, and social stratification. Several researchers hypothesized on the Indo-European affiliations of the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture, with some proposing it may represent an early Proto-Armenian cultural horizon. This hypothesis aligns with broader theories linking the culture to Indo-European migrations and the gradual emergence of Armenian ethnicity and language. The Trialeti-Vanadzo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Etiuni
Etiuni (other names Etiuḫi, Etiu, Etio) was the name of an early Iron Age tribal confederation in northern parts of Aras (river), Araxes River, roughly corresponding to the subsequent Ayrarat Province of the Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Kingdom of Armenia.Armen Petrosyan (2007).Towards the Origins of the Armenian People: The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review (in English). ''Journal for the Society of Armenian Studies''. Etiuni was frequently mentioned in the records of Urartu, Urartian kings, who led numerous campaigns into Etiuni territory. It is very likely it was the "Etuna" or "Etina" which contributed to the fall of Urartu, according to Assyrian texts. Some scholars believe it had an Armenian language, Armenian-speaking population. Names and etymology Igor Diakonov wrote that Etiuni was a Urartian language, Urartian name meaning "land/people of Etio",I. M. Diakonoff. The Pre-History of the Armenian People' (revised, trans. Lori Jenni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urartu
Urartu was an Iron Age kingdom centered around the Armenian highlands between Lake Van, Lake Urmia, and Lake Sevan. The territory of the ancient kingdom of Urartu extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Armenia.Kleiss, Wolfram (2008). "URARTU IN IRAN". ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. Its kings left behind cuneiform inscriptions in the Urartian language, a member of the Hurro-Urartian languages, Hurro-Urartian language family. Urartu extended from the Euphrates in the west to the region west of Ardabil in Iran, and from Lake Çıldır near Ardahan in Turkey to the region of Rawandiz in Iraqi Kurdistan. The kingdom emerged in the mid-9th century BC and dominated the Armenian Highlands in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Urartu frequently warred with Neo-Assyrian Empire, Assyria and became, for a time, the most powerful state in the Near East. Weakened by constant conflict, it was eventually conquered, either by the Iranian peoples, Iranian Medes in the early 6th c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenia
Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Nakhchivan to the south. Yerevan is the Capital city, capital, largest city and Economy of Armenia, financial center. The Armenian Highlands has been home to the Hayasa-Azzi, Shupria and Nairi. By at least 600 BC, an archaic form of Proto-Armenian language, Proto-Armenian, an Indo-European languages, Indo-European language, had diffused into the Armenian Highlands.Robert Drews (2017). ''Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe''. Routledge. . p. 228: "The vernacular of the Great Kingdom of Biainili was quite certainly Armenian. The Armenian language was obviously the region's vernacular in the fifth century BC, when Persian commanders and Greek writers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ağrı Province
Ağrı Province () is located in eastern Turkey, bordering Iran to the east and the Provinces of Turkey, provinces of Kars Province, Kars to the north, Erzurum Province, Erzurum to the northwest, Muş Province, Muş and Bitlis Province, Bitlis to the southwest, Van Province, Van to the south, and Iğdır Province, Iğdır to the northeast. Its area is 11,099 km2, and its population is 511,238 (2023). The provincial capital is Ağrı, situated on a high plateau. Doğubayazıt was the capital of the province until 1946. The current Wāli#Turkish term, governor is Mustafa Koç. The province is considered part of Western Armenia and was part of the ancient province of Ayrarat of Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Kingdom of Armenia. Before the Armenian genocide, modern Ağri Province was part of the Six vilayets, six Armenian vilayets. The majority of the province's population are ethnic Kurds. Districts Ağrı province is divided into eight Districts of Turkey, districts (capit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic Turkish people, Turks, while ethnic Kurds in Turkey, Kurds are the Minorities in Turkey, largest ethnic minority. Officially Secularism in Turkey, a secular state, Turkey has Islam in Turkey, a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city. Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include İzmir, Bursa, and Antalya. First inhabited by modern humans during the Late Paleolithic, present-day Turkey was home to List of ancient peoples of Anatolia, various ancient peoples. The Hattians ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region on the coast of the Black Sea. It is located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and West Asia, and is today generally regarded as part of Europe. It is bordered to the north and northeast by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. Georgia covers an area of . It has a Demographics of Georgia (country), population of 3.7 million, of which over a third live in the capital and List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city, Tbilisi. Ethnic Georgians, who are native to the region, constitute a majority of the country's population and are its titular nation. Georgia has been inhabited since prehistory, hosting the world's earliest known sites of winemaking, gold mining, and textiles. The Classical antiquity, classical era saw the emergence of several kingdoms, such as Colchis and Kingdom of Iberia, Iberia, that formed the nucleus of the modern Georgian state. In the early fourth centu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
