|
Latino Sine Flexione
Latino sine flexione ("Latin without inflections"), Interlingua de Academia pro Interlingua (IL de ApI) or Peano's Interlingua (abbreviated as IL) is an international auxiliary language compiled by the Academia pro Interlingua under the chairmanship of the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) from 1887 until 1914. It is a simplified version of Latin, and retains its vocabulary. Interlingua-IL was published in the journal ''Revue de Mathématiques'' in an article of 1903 entitled ''De Latino Sine Flexione, Lingua Auxiliare Internationale'' (meaning ''On Latin Without Inflection, International Auxiliary Language''),Peano, Giuseppe (1903). De Latino Sine Flexione. Lingua Auxiliare Internationale', ''Revista de Mathematica'' (''Revue de Mathématiques''), Tomo VIII, pp. 74-83. Fratres Bocca Editores: Torino. which explained the reason for its creation. The article argued that other auxiliary languages were unnecessary, since Latin was already established as the world's int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academia Pro Interlingua
The Academia pro Interlingua was an organization dedicated to the promotion of international auxiliary languages, and is associated in particular with Giuseppe Peano's language Latino sine flexione (Latin without inflections). The ''Academia'' was a descendant of the ''Kadem bevünetik volapüka'' (International Academy of Volapük) created at a Volapük congress in Munich in August 1887. Under Waldemar Rosenberger, who became the director in 1892, this group had transformed Volapük into Idiom Neutral and changed its name to ''Akademi Internasional de Lingu Universal'' in 1898. When the ''Akademi'' effectively chose to abandon Idiom Neutral in favor of Latino sine flexione in 1908, it elected Peano as its director, and the name of the group was changed to ''Academia pro Interlingua'' since ''Interlingua'' was an alternative name for Peano's language. The original ''Academia pro Interlingua'' survived until about 1939. The official journals of the "Academia" were "Discussiones" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Couturat
Louis Couturat (; 17 January 1868 – 3 August 1914) was a French logician, mathematician, philosopher, and linguist. Couturat was a pioneer of the constructed language Ido. Life and education Born in Paris. In 1887 he entered École Normale Supérieure to study philosophy and mathematics. In 1895 he lectured in philosophy at the University of Toulouse and 1897 lectured in philosophy of mathematics at the University of Caen Normandy, taking a stand in favor of transfinite numbers. After a time in Hanover studying the writings of Leibniz, he became an assistant to Henri-Louis Bergson at the Collège de France in 1905. Career He was the French advocate of the symbolic logic that emerged in the years before World War I, thanks to the writings of Charles Sanders Peirce, Giuseppe Peano and his school, and especially to ''The Principles of Mathematics'' by Couturat's friend and correspondent Bertrand Russell. Like Russell, Couturat saw symbolic logic as a tool to advance both ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ae (digraph)
This is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets. In the list, letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetical order according to their base, e.g. is alphabetised with , not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Substantially-modified letters, such as (a variant of ) and (based on ), are placed at the end. Capitalisation only involves the first letter ( becomes ) unless otherwise stated ( becomes in Dutch, and digraphs marking eclipsis in Irish, are capitalised on the second letter, i.e. becomes ). Apostrophe Source: (capital ) is used in Bari for . (capital ) is used in Bari for . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark or ''yin'' tone . It is also often written as . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark . (capital ) is used in Bari and Hausa (in Nigeria) for , but in N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Case
Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally ''#Majuscule, majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (more formally ''#Minuscule, minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing systems that distinguish between the upper- and lowercase have two parallel sets of letters: each in the majuscule set has a counterpart in the minuscule set. Some counterpart letters have the same shape, and differ only in size (e.g. ), but for others the shapes are different (e.g., ). The two case variants are alternative representations of the same letter: they have the same name and pronunciation and are typically treated identically when sorting in alphabetical order. Letter case is generally applied in a mixed-case fashion, with both upper and lowercase letters appearing in a given piece of text for legibility. The choice of case is often denoted by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Auxiliary Language Association
The International Auxiliary Language Association, Inc. (IALA) was an American organisation founded in 1924 to "promote widespread study, discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment of an auxiliary language, together with research and experiment that may hasten such establishment in an intelligent manner and on stable foundations." Although it was created to determine which auxiliary language of a wide field of contenders was best suited for international communication, it eventually determined that none of them was up to the task and developed its own language, Interlingua. The IALA continued to publish materials in and about Interlingua until 1953, when its activities were taken up by the new Interlingua Division of Science Service. The IALA was dissolved sometime after 1956.Esterhill, Frank, ''Interlingua Institute: A History''. New York: Interlingua Institute, 2000. See also * History of Interlingua Interlingua (, ) is an international auxi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Gode
Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch (October 30, 1906 – August 10, 1970) was a German-born American linguist, translator and the driving force behind the creation of the auxiliary language Interlingua. Biography Born to a German father and a Swiss mother, Gode studied at the University of Vienna and the University of Paris before leaving for the U.S. and becoming a citizen in 1927. He was an instructor at the University of Chicago as well as Columbia University, where he received his Ph.D. in Germanic Studies in 1939. Alexander Gode died of cancer in hospital. He was preceded in death by his first wife, Johanna. Gode was survived by two daughters from his first marriage, his second wife Alison, and their two children. Interlingua Gode was involved with the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) from 1933 on, sporadically at first. In 1936 the IALA began development of a new international auxiliary language and in 1939 Gode was hired to assist in this w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interlingua
Interlingua (, ) is an international auxiliary language (IAL) developed between 1937 and 1951 by the American International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). It is a constructed language of the "naturalistic" variety, whose vocabulary, grammar, and other characteristics are derived from natural languages. Interlingua literature maintains that (written) Interlingua is comprehensible to the billions of people who speak Romance languages, though it is actively spoken by only a few hundred. Interlingua was developed to combine a simple, mostly regular grammar with a vocabulary common to a wide range of western European languages, making it easy to learn for those whose native languages were sources of Interlingua's vocabulary and grammar. The name Interlingua comes from the Latin words ', meaning 'between', and ', meaning 'tongue' or 'language'. These morphemes are the same in Interlingua; thus, ''Interlingua'' would mean 'between language'. Overview Interlingua focuse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Word Stem
In linguistics, a word stem is a word part responsible for a word's lexical meaning. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the morphology of the language in question. For instance, in Athabaskan linguistics, a verb stem is a root that cannot appear on its own and that carries the tone of the word. Typically, a stem remains unmodified during inflection with few exceptions due to apophony (for example in Polish, ("city") and ("in the city"); in English, ''sing'', ''sang'', and ''sung'', where it can be modified according to morphological rules or peculiarities, such as sandhi). Word stem comparisons across languages have helped reveal cognates that have allowed comparative linguists to determine language families and their history. Root vs stem The word ''friendship'' is made by attaching the morpheme ''-ship'' to the root word ''friend'' (which some linguists also call a stem). While the inflectional plural morpheme ''-s'' can be attached to '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turin
Turin ( , ; ; , then ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is mainly on the western bank of the Po (river), River Po, below its Susa Valley, and is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga hill. The population of the city proper is 856,745 as of 2025, while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million. The city was historically a major European political centre. From 1563, it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy, then of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy, and the first capital of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1865. Turin is sometimes called "the cradle of Italian liberty" for having been the politi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interlingue
Interlingue (; ISO 639 ''ie'', ''ile''), originally Occidental (), is an international auxiliary language created in 1922 and renamed in 1949. Its creator, Edgar de Wahl, sought to achieve maximal Grammaticality, grammatical regularity and Natural language, natural character. The vocabulary is based on pre-existing words from various languages and a derivational system which uses recognized prefixes and suffixes. Many of Interlingue's derived word forms reflect those common to certain Western European languages, primarily the Romance languages, Romance languages, along with some Germanic vocabulary. Many of its words are formed using de Wahl's rule, a set of rules for regular conversion of all but six verb infinitives into derived words including from Latin double-stem verbs (e.g. ''vider'' to see and its derivative ''vision''). The result is a naturalistic and regular language that is easy to understand at first sight for individuals acquainted with certain Western European l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Idiom Neutral
Idiom Neutral is an international auxiliary language, published in 1902 by the International Academy of the Universal Language () under the leadership of Waldemar Rosenberger, a St. Petersburg engineer. History The Academy had its origin as the (literally 'International Academy of the World Language') at a congress in Munich in August 1887, was set up to conserve and perfect the auxiliary language Volapük. Under Rosenberger, who became the Academy’s director in 1892, the group began to make considerable changes in the grammar and vocabulary of Volapük, changing its nature into an entirely different language. The vocabulary was almost completely replaced by words more closely resembling those used in Western European languages, and a number of grammatical forms unfamiliar to Western Europeans were discarded. It was understood that the changes effectively resulted in the creation of a new language, which was named (which means “the neutral idiom” or “the neutral l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delegation For The Adoption Of An International Auxiliary Language
The Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language () was a body of academics convened in the early part of the 1900s (decade) to decide on the issue of which international auxiliary language should be chosen for international use. The ultimate decision of the committee charged by the Delegation was to adopt the Esperanto language, but with certain reforms. The result became a distinct language known as Ido. Creation The Delegation was founded in 1901 by French academics Louis Couturat and Léopold Leau, who had noted the language difficulties arising among international bodies convening during the Exposition Universelle (1900), 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Working with European esperantists, they gathered support for the Delegation from professional societies, companies, and universities. Among the chief aims of the Delegation were to select a language to be taught alongside "natural languages" and allow written and spoken communication in an international envir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
