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L'Inflexible (S 615)
''L'Inflexible'' (S 615) was the sixth and final of the SNLE ("''Sous-marin Nucléaire Lanceur d'Engins''", " Nuclear Missile-Launching Submarine") of the Force océanique stratégique (FOST), the submarine nuclear deterrent component of the French Navy. Construction began on 27 March 1980. The boat was launched on 23 June 1982, commissioned on 1 April 1985 and decommissioned on 14 January 2008. Design and construction ''L'Inflexible'' uses basically the same design as the other ''Redoutable''-class vessels, but has benefited from technological advances over its predecessors. The submarine uses the M4 missile, which carries 6 independent 150 kilotonnes of TNT equivalent nuclear warheads. Their range is reported to be over . The boat also has the capability of launching the SM39 Exocet anti-ship missile. ''L'Inflexible'' received TIT (''Traitement de l'Information Tactique'', "Tactical Information Processor"), a cluster of French-designed computers and ser ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FS Inflexible 1
FS, fS or fs may refer to: Arts and entertainment * FS (musician) (real name Fred Sargolini), American dubstep producer and DJ from New York * FS Catalogue, a numbered list of all compositions by Carl Nielsen * FS Film, a Finnish film distributor * Flight simulator, a professional simulator of planes ** Flight simulation video game, a video game version of simulators *** ''Microsoft Flight Simulator'', an amateur flight simulator series **** ''Microsoft Flight Simulator X'' (''FSX''), the 2006 edition **** ''Microsoft Flight Simulator'' (2020 video game) (''FS''), the 2020 edition * Fox Sports (United States), the sports programming division of Fox Corporation ** Fox Sports 1 (FS1) ** Fox Sports 2 (FS2) Businesses and organizations * Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning, a Danish trade union federation * FamilySearch, a genealogical organization and website * Farmers' and Settlers' Association of New South Wales (F & S), Australia * Fortune Systems, a defunct American computer ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Force Océanique Stratégique
The Strategic Ocean Force () is one of two terms that describe the submarine component of the French Navy. Prior to 1999, FOST grouped ballistic missile submarines with a role in France's nuclear deterrent. Since 1999, they have been integrated with the Submarine Forces, which prior to that date was responsible solely for France's attack submarines. The two terms are now used separately, or in combination, for the combined force, which includes both ballistic missile and attack submarines, all of which are nuclear-powered. The French Strategic Ocean Force Command ALFOST was set up in 1972 under a Squadron Vice-Admiral. Generality The Strategic Ocean Force (), created on March 1, 1972, constitutes the principal composite of the Strategic French Nuclear Forces (). FOST was placed under the command of a Squadron Vice-Admiral (Officers of Admiral rank) (), hence the acronym ALFOST. With the dissolution of the Atlantic Attack Submarine Group, the submarines with convention ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ships Built In France
A ship is a large vessel that travels the world's oceans and other navigable waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. The word ''ship'' has meant, depending on the era and the context, either just a large vessel or specifically a ship-rigged sailing ship with three or more masts, each of which is square-rigged. The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BCE. In 2024, ships had a global cargo capacity of 2.4 billion tons, with the three largest classes being ships carrying dry bulk (43%), oil tankers (28%) and container ships (14%). Nomenclature Ships are typically larger than boats, but there is no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Merle
Robert Merle (; 28 August 1908 – 27 March 2004) was a French novelist. Early life Merle was born in 1908 in Tébessa, French Algeria. His father Félix, who was an interpreter "with a perfect knowledge of literary and spoken Arabic", was killed in 1916 in the Dardanelles. Young Merle and his mother moved to Paris, where he attended three lycées and the Sorbonne. Career Academia and World War II Merle was professor of English Literature at several universities until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. During the war, Merle was conscripted into the French army and assigned as an interpreter to the British Expeditionary Force. In 1940, he was in the Dunkirk evacuation on the beach of Zuydcoote — which he called a "blind and abominable lottery" — and was captured by the Germans. Merle was taken prisoner to Stalag VID at Dortmund, and escaped, but was recaptured at Belgian customs. He was repatriated in July 1943, and after the war was awarded the Croix du Comba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sonar
Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure distances ( ranging), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. "Sonar" can refer to one of two types of technology: ''passive'' sonar means listening for the sound made by vessels; ''active'' sonar means emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used for robot navigation, and sodar (an upward-looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term ''sonar'' is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low ( infrasonic) to e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TNT Equivalent
TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. A ton of TNT equivalent is a unit of energy defined by convention to be (). It is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of trinitrotoluene (TNT). In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, (or 4184 joules) of energy are released. This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as dynamite contain more energy. A related concept is the physical quantity TNT-equivalent mass (or mass of TNT equivalent), expressed in the ordinary units of mass Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and diff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
M4 SLBM
The M4 was a French submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) deployed on the nuclear s (except the ''Redoutable'' herself, which was not refitted). They entered service on 1 May 1985. They were the first French MIRV-capable nuclear missiles, with six 150 kilotonne warheads. They were replaced by the improved M45 SLBM missile which was in service aboard the . Operators ; *French Navy The French Navy (, , ), informally (, ), is the Navy, maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the four military service branches of History of France, France. It is among the largest and most powerful List of navies, naval forces i ... References Submarine-launched ballistic missiles of France Nuclear missiles of France Submarine-launched ballistic missiles of the Cold War 1985 establishments in France Military equipment introduced in the 1980s {{France-hist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Navy
The French Navy (, , ), informally (, ), is the Navy, maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the four military service branches of History of France, France. It is among the largest and most powerful List of navies, naval forces in the world recognised as being a blue-water navy. The French Navy is capable of operating globally and conducting expeditionary missions, maintaining a significant Standing French Navy Deployments, overseas presence. The French Navy is one of eight naval forces currently operating Fixed-wing aircraft, fixed-wing aircraft carriers,Along with the United States Navy, U.S., Royal Navy, U.K., People's Liberation Army Navy, China, Russian Navy, Russia, Italian Navy, Italy, Indian Navy, India, and Spanish Navy, Spain with its flagship being the only Nuclear marine propulsion, nuclear-powered aircraft carrier outside the United States Navy, and one of two non-American vessels to use Aircraft catapult, catapults to launch aircraft. Founded in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Submarines Of France
The submarines of France include Nuclear submarine, nuclear attack submarines and nuclear ballistic missile submarines of various List of submarine classes, classes, operated by the French Navy as part of the Submarine forces (France), French Submarine Forces. France also builds Scorpène-class submarines for international buyers; the Brazilian submarine Álvaro Alberto, a nuclear-powered boat, will be developed from this platform. Each French Navy vessel, including French submarines have for military awards and decorations their respective fanion insignia. In service Nuclear attack submarines * *# (1992–present) *# (1993–present) * *# French submarine Suffren, ''Suffren'' (Q284/S635) (2020–present) *# French submarine Duguay-Trouin, ''Duguay-Trouin'' (S636) (2023 - present) *# French submarine Tourville, ''Tourville'' (S637) (2024 - present) (working up to full operational status as of late 2024) Nuclear ballistic missile submarines * *# (1997–present) *# (1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ballistic Missile Submarine
A ballistic missile submarine is a submarine capable of deploying submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with nuclear warheads. These submarines became a major weapon system in the Cold War because of their nuclear deterrence capability. They can fire missiles thousands of kilometers from their targets, and acoustic quieting makes them difficult to detect (see acoustic signature), thus making them a survivable deterrent in the event of a first strike and a key element of the mutual assured destruction policy of nuclear deterrence. The deployment of ballistic missile submarines is dominated by the United States, Russia (following the collapse of the Soviet Union) and China. In fact, 70% of nuclear warheads in the USA are carried by ballistic missile submarines.Rafal, A. S. (2021). THE FUTURE OF SUBMARINE WARFARE: NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINES ARE THE BEDROCK OF NAVAL WARFARE, OR MAYBE NOT. MS Thesis. Joint Forces Staff College-NDU, Joint Advanced Warfighting School]. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DCNS (company)
Naval Group is a major French industrial group specializing in naval defense design, development and construction. Its headquarters are located in Paris. Heir to the French naval dockyards initiated in 1631 by Cardinal Richelieu and to the Direction des Constructions et Armes Navales (''DCAN''), which became Direction des Constructions Navales (''DCN'') in 1991 and then DCNS in 2007, the company was rebranded ''Naval Group'' in 2017. Its two main shareholders are the French State (62.25%) and Thales Group (35%). In 2024, Naval Group employs 15,261 people across 17 countries. History Naval Group has a heritage of almost 400 years. Major shipyards were built in France in Brest (1631), Nantes-Indret (1771), Lorient (1778) and, subsequently, Cherbourg (1813). Others were to follow. As early as 1926, what we know as the Naval Group today already had all the facilities now owned by the group in mainland France. The birth of the naval dockyards In 1624, Cardinal Richelieu, who ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
