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Ktiv Menuqad
Ktiv menuqad ( , literally "writing with niqqud") is text in Hebrew supplemented with niqqud diacritics. In modern Israeli orthography niqqud is rarely used, except in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. An example of ktiv menuqad is a Tikkun (book), tikkun, a book in which the text of the Torah appears in two side-by-side versions, one identical to the text which appears in the Torah (which uses ktiv haser), and one with niqqud and Hebrew cantillation, cantillation. See also *Hebrew alphabet *Academy of the Hebrew Language *Hebrew spelling *Ktiv male *Ktiv haser Hebrew grammar ar:تسطير عبري#كتيب منقد {{Hebrew-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niqqud
In Hebrew orthography, niqqud or nikud ( or ) is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Several such diacritical systems were developed in the Early Middle Ages. The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the second half of the first millennium AD in the Land of Israel (see Masoretic Text, Tiberian Hebrew). Text written with niqqud is called '' ktiv menuqad''. Niqqud marks are small compared to the letters, so they can be added without retranscribing texts whose writers did not anticipate them. In modern Israeli orthography ''niqqud'' is mainly used in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or new immigrants to Israel. For purposes of disambiguation, a system of spelling without niqqud, known in Hebrew as '' ktiv maleh'' (, literally "full spelling") had develope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diacritic
A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek (, "distinguishing"), from (, "to distinguish"). The word ''diacritic'' is a noun, though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas ''diacritical'' is only an adjective. Some diacritics, such as the acute , grave , and circumflex (all shown above an 'o'), are often called ''accents''. Diacritics may appear above or below a letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters. The main use of diacritics in Latin script is to change the sound-values of the letters to which they are added. Historically, English has used the diaeresis diacritic to indicate the correct pronunciation of ambiguous words, such as "coöperate", without which the letter sequence could be misinterpreted to be pronounced . Other examples are the acute and grave accents, which can indica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tikkun (book)
A tikkun or tiqqun () is a book used by Jews to prepare for reading or writing a Torah scroll. There are two types of tikkun, a ''tikkun qorʾim'' "reader's tikkun" and a ''tikkun soferim'' " scribe's tikkun". Tikkun qor'im A ''tiqqun qorʾim'' "readers' tikkun" is a study guide used when preparing a Torah reading for a synagogue. Each tikkun contains two renditions of the Masoretic Text. The right side of each page is written with the niqqud (vowel marks) and Hebrew cantillation, while the left is written in unpointed Hebrew as it appears in a Torah scroll. Reciters must master the tune ("trope," ) and pronunciation of the words beforehand because a Torah scroll itself has neither niqqud nor cantillation marks and because there are places where the word to be read differs from that written in the scroll (the Qere and Ketiv). Tikkun soferim A ''tiqqun soferim'' (scribes' ''tikkun'') is similar but is designed as a guide or model text for scribes. It contains additional infor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torah
The Torah ( , "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. The Torah is also known as the Pentateuch () or the Five Books of Moses. In Rabbinical Jewish tradition it is also known as the Written Torah (, ). If meant for liturgic purposes, it takes the form of a Torah scroll ( '' Sefer Torah''). If in bound book form, it is called '' Chumash'', and is usually printed with the rabbinic commentaries (). In rabbinic literature, the word ''Torah'' denotes both the five books ( "Torah that is written") and the Oral Torah (, "Torah that is spoken"). It has also been used, however, to designate the entire Hebrew Bible. The Oral Torah consists of interpretations and amplifications which according to rabbinic tradition have been handed down from generation to generation and are now embodied in the Talmud and Midrash. Rabbinic tradition's underst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ktiv Haser
''Ktiv hasar niqqud'' (; , literally "spelling lacking niqqud"), colloquially known as ''ktiv maleh'' (; , literally "full spelling"), are the rules for writing Hebrew without vowel points ''(niqqud)'', often replacing them with matres lectionis ( and ). To avoid confusion, consonantal () and () are doubled in the middle of words. In general use, ''niqqud'' are rarely used, except in specialized texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. Comparison example From a Hebrew translation of "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe (translated by Eliyahu Tsifer): Historical examination Ktiv haser Ktiv haser () is writing whose consonants match those generally used in voweled text, but without the actual niqqud. For example, the words and written in ktiv haser are and . In vowelled text, the niqqud indicate the correct vowels, but when the niqqud is missing, the text is difficult to read, and the reader must make use of the context of each word ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebrew Cantillation
Hebrew cantillation, trope, trop, or ''te'amim'' is the manner of chanting ritual readings from the Hebrew Bible in synagogue Jewish services, services. The chants are written and notated in accordance with the special signs or marks printed in the Masoretic Text of the Bible, to complement the letters and Niqqud, vowel points. These marks are known in English as 'accents' (diacritics), 'notes' or trope symbols, and in Hebrew language, Hebrew as () or just (). Some of these signs were also sometimes used in medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah. The musical motifs associated with the signs are known in Hebrew as or (not to be confused with Hasidic Judaism, Hasidic nigun) and in Yiddish as (): the word ''trope'' is sometimes used in Jewish English languages, Jewish English with the same meaning. There are multiple traditions of cantillation. Within each tradition, there are multiple tropes, typically for different books of the Bible and often for different occasions. For ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebrew Alphabet
The Hebrew alphabet (, ), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is a unicase, unicameral abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic languages, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian. In modern Hebrew, vowels are increasingly introduced. It is also used informally in Israel to write Levantine Arabic, especially among Druze in Israel, Druze. It is an offshoot of the Aramaic alphabet, Imperial Aramaic alphabet, which flourished during the Achaemenid Empire and which itself derives from the Phoenician alphabet. Historically, a different abjad script was used to write Hebrew: the original, old Hebrew script, now known as the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, has been largely preserved in a variant form as the Samaritan script, Samaritan alphabet, and is still used by the Samaritans. The present ''Jewish script'' or ''square script'', on the cont ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academy Of The Hebrew Language
The Academy of the Hebrew Language (, ''ha-akademyah la-lashon ha-ivrit'') was established by the Israeli government in 1953 as the "supreme institution for scholarship on the Hebrew language in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem of Givat Ram campus." Its stated aims are to assemble and research the Hebrew language in all its layers throughout the ages; to investigate the origin and development of the Hebrew tongue; and to direct the course of development of Hebrew, in all areas, including vocabulary, grammar, writing, spelling, and transliteration. Since 2022, the Academy has been headed by Aharon Maman. It is composed of 42 members, in addition to having members who serve as academic advisors, as well as honorary members. Every person is entitled to query the Academy on language matters and to receive a formal reply. History The Academy replaced the Hebrew Language Committee (''Vaʻad ha-lashon ha-ʻIvrit'') established in 1890 by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, who was its first presid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebrew Spelling
Hebrew spelling refers to the way words are spelled in the Hebrew language. The Hebrew alphabet contains 22 letters, all of which are primarily consonants. This is because the Hebrew script is an abjad, that is, its letters indicate consonants, not vowels or syllables. An early system to overcome this, still used today, is ''matres lectionis'', where four of these letters, alef, he, vav and yud also serve as vowel letters. Later, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels ( Hebrew diacritics), called niqqud, was developed. History Throughout history, there have been two main systems of Hebrew spelling. One is vocalized spelling, the other is unvocalized spelling. In vocalized spelling (''ktiv menuqad''), all of the vowels are indicated by vowel points (called niqqud). In unvocalized spelling ( ''ktiv hasar niqqud'', or ''ktiv male''), the vowel points are omitted, but can be substituted by other vowels vav and yud. This system is the spelling system commonly used in Modern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ktiv Male
In orthography, a is a word containing an additional letter, usually one which is superfluous – not normally written in that word – nor needed for the proper comprehension of the word. Today, the term applies mostly to sacred scripture. Examples of ''plene scripta'' appear frequently in classical Hebrew texts, and copyists are obliged to copy them unchanged, to ensure that biblical or other sacred texts are written with universal conformity. The expression ''plene scriptum'' (), sometimes simply described in Hebrew as (''malé'', 'full'), is often used in contrast with ''defective scriptum'' (), the latter implying a word in which a letter that is normally present has been omitted. Together, ''plene'' and ''defective scripta'' are sometimes described using the Hebrew phrase . The original use of the phrase seems to mean Latin characters written without using abbreviations. Implications In the Hebrew Bible, in '' Devarim'' , the name "Joshua" is written in Hebrew in '' pl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ktiv Haser
''Ktiv hasar niqqud'' (; , literally "spelling lacking niqqud"), colloquially known as ''ktiv maleh'' (; , literally "full spelling"), are the rules for writing Hebrew without vowel points ''(niqqud)'', often replacing them with matres lectionis ( and ). To avoid confusion, consonantal () and () are doubled in the middle of words. In general use, ''niqqud'' are rarely used, except in specialized texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. Comparison example From a Hebrew translation of "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe (translated by Eliyahu Tsifer): Historical examination Ktiv haser Ktiv haser () is writing whose consonants match those generally used in voweled text, but without the actual niqqud. For example, the words and written in ktiv haser are and . In vowelled text, the niqqud indicate the correct vowels, but when the niqqud is missing, the text is difficult to read, and the reader must make use of the context of each word ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebrew Grammar
Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and remained in regular use as a first language until after 200 CE and as the liturgical language of Judaism (since the Second Temple period) and Samaritanism. The language was revived as a spoken language in the 19th century, and is the only successful large-scale example of linguistic revival. It is the only Canaanite language, as well as one of only two Northwest Semitic languages, with the other being Aramaic, still spoken today. The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date back to the 10th century BCE. Nearly all of the Hebrew Bible is written in Biblical Hebrew, with much of its present form in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, during the time of the Babylonian captivity. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as '' Lashon H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
