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Kamāl Al-Dīn Ibn Yūnus
Kamāl al-Dīn ibn Yūnus (1156–1242) was an Iraqi Muslim polymath known for his writings on mathematics, although he also studied and taught astronomy, theology, philology, law, philosophy and medicine. For many years he taught Muslim, Christian and Jewish pupils at his own school in his native city of Mosul. Life A biography of Ibn Yūnus appears in the of Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa. An even longer one is found in the of Ibn Khallikān, whose father was a friend of Ibn Yūnus. Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa gives his as Abū ʿImrān, while Ibn Khallikān gives it as Abū al-Fatḥ. Kamāl al-Dīn was his , while his given name was Mūsā and his (patronymic) was ibn Yūnus ibn Muḥammad ibn Manʿat. Ibn Yūnus was born in Mosul and studied in Baghdad. He became expert in astronomy, mathematics, medicine, theology and Greek philosophy or . In Islamic law, he belonged to the Shāfiʿī school. He also had a reputation for philology. Ibn Yūnus returned to Mosul to teach, setting up a schoo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mosul
Mosul ( ; , , ; ; ; ) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate. It is the second largest city in Iraq overall after the capital Baghdad. Situated on the banks of Tigris, the city encloses the ruins of the ancient Old Assyrian Empire, Assyrian city of Nineveh—once the List of largest cities throughout history, largest city in the world—on its east side. Due to its strategic and central location, the city has traditionally served as one of the hubs of international commerce and travel in the region. It is considered as one of the historically and culturally significant cities of the Arab world. The North Mesopotamian dialect of Arabic commonly known as North Mesopotamian Arabic, ''Moslawi'' is named after Mosul, and is widely spoken in the region. Together, with the Nineveh Plains, Mosul is a historical center of the Assyrian people, Assyrians. The surrounding region is ethnically and religiously diverse; a large majority of the city is A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Fārābī
thumbnail, 200px, Postage stamp of the USSR, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (; – 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist. He has been designated as "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism", and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy". Al-Farabi's fields of philosophical interest included—but not limited to, philosophy of society and religion; philosophy of language and logic; psychology and epistemology; metaphysics, political philosophy, and ethics. He was an expert in both practical musicianship and music theory, and although he was not intrinsically a scientist, his works incorporate astronomy, mathematics, cosmology, and physics. Al-Farabi is credited as the first Muslim who presented philosophy as a coherent system in the Islamic world, and created a philosophical system of his own, which developed a philosophical syste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Badr Al-Dīn Luʾluʾ
Badr al-Din Lu'lu' () (-1259) (the name Lu'Lu' means 'The Pearl', indicative of his servile origins) was successor to the Zengid Zengid dynasty#Zengid Atabegs and Emirs of Mosul, emirs of Mosul, where he governed in variety of capacities from 1234 to 1259 following the death of Nasir ad-Din Mahmud. He was the founder of the short-lived Luluid dynasty. Originally a slave of the Zengid dynasty, Zengid ruler Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I, he was the first Middle-Eastern mamluk to transcend servitude and become an emir in his own right, founding the dynasty of the List of rulers of Mosul, Lu'lu'id emirs (1234-1262), and anticipating the rise of the Bahri dynasty, Bahri Mamluks of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt by twenty years (but postdating the rise of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi), Mamluk dynasty in India). He preserved control of Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia, al-Jazira through a series of tactical submissions to larger neighboring powers, at various times recognizing Ayyubid dynasty, Ayyubid, Sulta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zakariya Al-Qazwini
Zakariyya' al-Qazwini ( , ), also known as Qazvini (), (born in Qazvin, Iran, and died 1283), was a Cosmography, cosmographer and Geography in medieval Islam, geographer. He belonged to a family of jurists originally descended from Anas bin Malik (a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) which had been well established in Qazvin long before al-Qazwini was born. His most famous work is the Aja'ib al-Makhluqat, (), a seminal work in cosmography. He is also the author of the geographical dictionary (). Career Born in Qazvin to a Persianized family of Arab ancestry, al-Qazwini served as a legal expert and judge in several localities in Iran. He traveled around in Mesopotamia and the Levant, and finally entered the circle patronized by the Ilkhanid governor of Baghdad, Ata-Malik Juvayni (d. 1283 CE). It was to the latter that al-Qazwini dedicated his famous cosmography titled Aja'ib al-Makhluqat, (). This treatise, frequently illustrated, was immensely popular and is preser ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Kāmil
Al-Malik al-Kamil Nasir ad-Din Muhammad (; – 6 March 1238), titled Abu al-Maali (), was an Egyptian ruler and the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated the Fifth Crusade. He was known to the Frankish crusaders as Meledin, a name by which he is referred to in some older western sources. As a result of the Sixth Crusade, he ceded West Jerusalem to the Christians and is known to have met with Saint Francis. Biography Jazira campaign Al-Kamil was the son of the Kurdish sultan al-Adil ("Saphadin"), a brother of Saladin. Al-Kamil's father was laying siege to the city of Mardin (in modern-day Turkey) in 1199 when he was called away urgently to deal with a security threat in Damascus. Al-Adil left al-Kamil to command the forces around Mardin continuing the siege. Taking advantage of the Sultan's absence, the combined forces of Mosul, Sinjar and Jazirat ibn Umar appeared at Mardin when it was on the point of surrender, and drew Al-Kam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II (, , , ; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. He was the son of Emperor Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI of the Hohenstaufen dynasty (the second son of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa) and Queen Constance I of Sicily of the Hauteville dynasty. Frederick was one of the most powerful figures of the Middle Ages and ruled a vast area, beginning with Sicily and stretching through Italy all the way north to Germany. Viewing himself as a direct successor to the Roman emperors of antiquity, he was Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Romans from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, King of Italy, of Italy, and King of Burgundy, of Burgundy. At the age of three, he was crowned King ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sixth Crusade
The Sixth Crusade (1228–1229), also known as the Crusade of Frederick II, was a military expedition to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. The diplomatic maneuvering of the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining some control over Jerusalem for much of the ensuing fifteen years as well as over other areas of the Holy Land. Western Europe after the Fifth Crusade The Fifth Crusade ended in 1221, having failed to gain any more influence in the Near East. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, never joined the campaign, despite his vow to do so. The forces he sent to Egypt arrived too late to make a difference in the debacle, partially due to the lack of effective leadership. They would have to wait for many more years for Frederick's actions. W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Athīr Al-Dīn Al-Abharī
Athīr al-Dīn al-Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar ibn al-Mufaḍḍal al-Samarqandī al-Abharī (Persian): اثیرالدین مُفَضَّل بن عمر بن مَفَضَّل سمرقندی ابهری; d. 1262 or 1265 also known as Athīr al-Dīn al-Munajjim (اثیرالدین منجم) was an Iranian Muslim polymath, philosopher, astronomer, astrologer and mathematician. Other than his influential writings, he had many disciples. Life His birthplace is contested among sources. According to the ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' and the ''Encyclopaedia Islamica'', he was born in Abhar, a small town between Qazvin and Zanjan in the North-West of Iran. The claim of G.C. Anawati making him a native of Mosul in Iraq, taken from the fact that al-Abharī was educated by a scientist from Mosul, Kamāl al-Dīn ibn Yūnus al-Mawṣilī, must also been dismissed. None of his oldest biographers mentioned Mosul as his birthplace, and al-Abharī himself indicated that he had gone to Mosul for this purp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sirāj Al-Din Urmawī
Sirāj al-Dīn Mahmūd ibn Abī Bakr Urmavī (also spelled Urmawī; 1198–1283) was a Shafiʽi jurist, logician and philosopher from Urmia in Azerbaijan, a region in north-western Iran. He spent most of his scholarly life in Ayyubid-ruled Cairo, and from 1257 in Seljuk-ruled Konya. The Iranian diaspora he was part of, proficient in Persian and Arabic, contributed majorly to the Islamization and Persianization of Anatolia. Most of his extant works were written in Arabic but there is also one known work in Persian. He was an acquintance of Rumi. Career A Persian-speaking Iranian, Urmavi went to Mosul to study religion and mental science. He became a well-known scholar, not only in religion and mental studies but also in philosophy, logic, medicine, mathematics and astronomy and received praise from his professors. He was a student of Kamal al-Din ibn Yunus and found interest in his work on Fakhr al-Din al-Razi. Urmavi later travelled to Malatya to meet Awhad al-Din Kermani and wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naṣīr Al-Dīn Al-Ṭūsī
Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (1201 – 1274), also known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (; ) or simply as (al-)Tusi, was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was a well published author, writing on subjects of math, engineering, prose, and mysticism. Additionally, al-Tusi made several scientific advancements. In astronomy, al-Tusi created very accurate tables of planetary motion, an updated planetary model, and critiques of Ptolemaic astronomy. He also made strides in logic, mathematics but especially trigonometry, biology, and chemistry. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi left behind a great legacy as well. Tusi is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of medieval Islam, since he is often considered the creator of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right. The Muslim scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later Persian scholars.James Winst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
