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Jan Kochanowski
Jan Kochanowski (; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet who wrote in Latin and Polish and established poetic patterns that would become integral to Polish literary language. He has been called the greatest Polish poet before Adam Mickiewicz (the latter, a leading Romantic writer) and one of the most influential Slavic poets prior to the 19th century. In his youth Kochanowski traveled to Italy, where he studied at the University of Padua, and to France. In 1559 he returned to Poland, where he made the acquaintance of political and religious notables including Jan Tarnowski, Piotr Myszkowski (whom he briefly served as courtier), and members of the influential Radziwiłł family. From about 1563, Kochanowski served as secretary to King Sigismund II Augustus. He accompanied the King to several noteworthy events, including the (held in Lublin), which enacted the Union of Lublin, formally establishing the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1564 he was ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epigrams (Kochanowski)
''Fraszki'' (Polish: ; the title has been translated to English as ''Epigrams'', ''Trifles'', ''Facetious Verse'') is the 1584 three-book collection of 294 short, merry poems by Jan Kochanowski. They were written mostly during Kochanowski's courtier period, in the 1560s and 1570s. That work has been described as among his most popular, and spawned many imitators in Poland. Editions and translations The collection has been reprinted in Poland numerous times, including several times in the 17th century alone. Some reprints suffered from moral censorship; for example one poem alluding to clergy's homosexuality was often removed from subsequent editions. The first, if incomplete, translation of ''Fraszki'' was to Czech, by Bartosz Paprocki, published in Prague in 1598 (''Nova kratochvile''...). Some were translated to German; in fact Kochanowski has been said to be the first Polish poet to be translated to that language. translated over a hundred (138, to be exact) to that languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radziwiłł Family
The House of Radziwiłł (; ; ; ) is a Polish princely family of Lithuanian origin, and one of the most powerful magnate families originating from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later also prominent in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. Part of the representatives of the Radziwiłł family were known for their persistent and consistent struggle for the independence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and for their crucial role in preserving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a separate state in the 16th and 17th centuries. The family was founded by Radvila Astikas, but over time it split into many branches, such as the Biržai-Dubingiai and Goniądz-Meteliai lines. However, most of the branches became extinct by the 18th century, with only the Nesvizh-Kleck-Ołyka line surviving to this day. Their descendants were highly prominent for centuries, first in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Prussia. The family produced man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verse Form
Poetry (from the Greek word '' poiesis'', "making") is a form of literary art that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, literal or surface-level meanings. Any particular instance of poetry is called a poem and is written by a poet. Poets use a variety of techniques called poetic devices, such as assonance, alliteration, euphony and cacophony, onomatopoeia, rhythm (via metre), and sound symbolism, to produce musical or other artistic effects. They also frequently organize these effects into poetic structures, which may be strict or loose, conventional or invented by the poet. Poetic structures vary dramatically by language and cultural convention, but they often use rhythmic metre (patterns of syllable stress or syllable (mora) weight). They may also use repeating patterns of phonemes, phoneme groups, tones (phonemic pitch shifts found in tonal languages), words, or entire phrases. These include ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homer
Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his authorship, Homer is considered one of the most revered and influential authors in history. The ''Iliad'' centers on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles during the last year of the Trojan War. The ''Odyssey'' chronicles the ten-year journey of Odysseus, king of Homer's Ithaca, Ithaca, back to his home after the fall of Troy. The epics depict man's struggle, the ''Odyssey'' especially so, as Odysseus perseveres through the punishment of the gods. The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language that shows a mixture of features of the Ionic Greek, Ionic and Aeolic Greek, Aeolic dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic. Most researchers believe that the poems w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Dismissal Of The Greek Envoys
''The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys'' (title also rendered in English as ''The Dismissal of the Grecian Envoys'', ''The Discharge of the Greek Envoys'', or just ''The Envoys''; ) is a tragedy written by Polish Renaissance poet Jan Kochanowski ca. 1565-66 and first published and performed in 1578. It recounts an incident leading up to the Trojan War, inspired by the writings of Homer. It is widely recognized as one of Kochanowski's finest works, and one of the most significant early plays written in Polish. Composition According to , Kochanowski wrote the play probably ca. 1565–66. However, Czesław Miłosz implies that it was commissioned by Jan Zamoyski for his wedding in the late 1570s. In any case, it was not published or performed until debuted 12 January 1578 at Zamoyski's wedding to Krystyna Radziwiłł at Ujazdów Castle in Warsaw, before the royal court and King Stephen Báthory. Many of the actors in the premiere were royal courtiers, and the play was directed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tragedy
A tragedy is a genre of drama based on human suffering and, mainly, the terrible or sorrowful events that befall a tragic hero, main character or cast of characters. Traditionally, the intention of tragedy is to invoke an accompanying catharsis, or a "pain [that] awakens pleasure,” for the audience. While many cultures have developed forms that provoke this paradoxical response, the term ''tragedy'' often refers to a specific Poetic tradition, tradition of drama that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of Western culture, Western civilization. That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of cultural identity and historical continuity—"the Classical Athens, Greeks and the Elizabethan era, Elizabethans, in one cultural form; Hellenistic civilization, Hellenes and Christians, in a common activity," as Raymond Williams puts it. Originating in the theatre of ancient Greece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elegy
An elegy is a poem of serious reflection, and in English literature usually a lament for the dead. However, according to ''The Oxford Handbook of the Elegy'', "for all of its pervasiveness ... the 'elegy' remains remarkably ill defined: sometimes used as a catch-all to denominate texts of a somber or pessimistic tone, sometimes as a marker for textual monumentalizing, and sometimes strictly as a sign of a lament for the dead". History The Greek term ἐλεγείᾱ (''elegeíā''; from , , ‘lament’) originally referred to any verse written in elegiac couplets and covering a wide range of subject matter (death, love, war). The term also included epitaphs, sad and mournful songs, and commemorative verses. The Latin elegy of ancient Roman literature was most often erotic or mythological in nature. Because of its structural potential for rhetorical effects, the elegiac couplet was also used by both Greek and Roman poets for witty, humorous, and satirical subject matter. O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Threnody
A threnody is a wailing ode, song, hymn or poem of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person. The term originates from the Greek word θρηνῳδία (''threnoidia''), from θρῆνος (''threnos'', "wailing") and ᾠδή (''oide'', "ode"), the latter ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *''h₂weyd-'' ("to sing") that is also the precursor of such words as "ode", "tragedy", "comedy", "parody", "melody" and "rhapsody". Similar terms include " dirge", " coronach", "lament" and " elegy". The '' Epitaphios Threnos'' is the lamentation chanted in the Eastern Orthodox Church on Holy Saturday. John Dryden commemorated the death of Charles II of England in the long poem '' Threnodia Augustalis'', and Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a "Threnody" in memory of his son. Examples In written works: * John McCrae's " In Flanders Fields" * Countee Cullen's "Threnody for a Brown Girl" * Bruce Dawe's poem " Homecoming" *Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Threnody" * Peter H. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laments (Kochanowski)
The ''Laments'' (also '' Lamentations'' or '' Threnodies''; , originally spelled ''Threny'') is a series of nineteen threnodies (elegies) written in Polish by Jan Kochanowski and published in 1580. They are a high point of Polish Renaissance literature, and one of Kochanowski's signal achievements.Poet's Corner: "Jan Kochanowski's ''Threnodies'' ", in '''', no. 43 (470) (October 26, 1997). Includes ''Threnody V''. "Jan KOCHANOWSKI , by Prof. Edmund Kotarski, in the ''Virtual Library of Polish Literature''. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czarnolas, Zwoleń County
Czarnolas is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Policzna, within Zwoleń County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Zwoleń and south-east of Warsaw. Czarnolas is famous as the residence of the Polish Renaissance poet, Jan Kochanowski. Today the village hosts the . opened in 1961. The village's name translates to "blackwood" or "black forest". History The village belonged to the Kochanowski family for a century, then frequently changed owners. In 1830, on the site of the poet's manor house, which had burned down, a Neogothic chapel was erected. In 1961, in the Jabłonowski family's 19th-century manor house, within a picturesque garden, was established the Jan Kochanowski Museum, before which stands a statue A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or Casting (metalworking), cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poznań Cathedral
The Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul in Poznań is one of the oldest churches in Poland and the oldest Polish cathedral, dating from the 10th century. It is the oldest historical monument in Poznań. It stands on the island of Ostrów Tumski north-east of the city centre. History The cathedral was originally built in the second half of the 10th century within the fortified settlement ''( gród)'' of Poznań, which stood on what is now called Ostrów Tumski. This was one of the main political centers in the early Polish state, and included a ducal palace (excavated by archaeologists since 1999, beneath the Church of the Virgin Mary which stands in front of the cathedral). The palace included a chapel, perhaps built for Dobrawa, the Christian wife of Poland's first historical ruler, Mieszko I. Mieszko himself was baptised in 966, possibly at Poznań – this is regarded as a key event in the Christianization of Poland and consolidation of the state. The cathe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
