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Ioan Vodă Cel Cumplit
John III the Terrible (), also John III the Brave (; 1521 – June 14, 1574) was List of Moldavian rulers, Voivode of Moldavia between February 1572 and June 1574. Dimitrie Cantemir mentions him under the name John the Armenian. He was the grandson of Bogdan III the One-Eyed, Bogdan III and the son of Stephen IV of Moldavia, Stephen IV and his Armenian mistress Serpega. It is said he spent part of his life being a merchant in Constantinople, where he had closely studied the Ottomans and their weaknesses. Ioan was one of the last medieval Romanian rulers to battle the Ottoman Turks. His nickname "the Terrible" was a result of his harsh treatment of the Boyars, the Moldavian nobility, which at that time were very influential in deciding the rulers of the small principality. Attempting to strengthen his rule and make an example out of disloyal nobles, Ioan III carried out several Boyar executions, thus earning his alias "the Terrible". The common people appreciated his courageous st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Rulers Of Moldavia
This is a list of monarchs of Moldavia, from the first mention of the medieval polity east of the Carpathian Mountains, Carpathians and until its disestablishment in 1862, when Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia, it united with Wallachia, the other Danubian Principalities, Danubian Principality, to form the modern-day state of Romania. Notes Dynastic rule is hard to ascribe, given the loose traditional definition of the ruling family (on principle, princes were chosen from any branch, including a previous monarch's bastard sons – being defined as ''os de domn'' – "of Hospodar, domn marrow", or as having ''hereghie'' – "heredity" (from the Latin ''hereditas''); the institutions charged with the Elective monarchy, election, dominated by the boyars, had fluctuating degrees of influence). The system itself was challenged by usurpers, and became obsolete with the Phanariotes, Phanariote epoch, when monarchs were appointed by the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Ottoman Dynasty, Sultans. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petru Şchiopul
Peter V the Lame (; 1534 – 1 July 1594) was Prince of Moldavia from June 1574 to 23 November 1577.Constantin Rezachevici - ''Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova a. 1324–1881'', Volumul I, Editura Enciclopedică, 2001, p. 432 He also ruled 1 January 1578 to 21 November 1579 and 17 October 1583 to 29 August 1591. He was known as "the Lame" due to a physical deformity. Raised by the Turks in Istanbul and hardly knew of his country of origin before gaining the throne of Moldavia. Voivode of Moldavia Anxious to rule like his brother Alexandru II Mircea, Petru was elected prince of Moldavia in 1574. However, unlike most of his ancestors, he was a weak prince and eventually gave up the throne in order to live comfortably in the west. Family life His first marriage to Maria Amiralis from Rhodes, was already arranged in his childhood, but later failed. They had one daughter, Maria, who married Peter Bornemisza de Kápolna. Petru soon fell in love with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vlad II Dracul
Vlad II (), also known as Vlad Dracul () or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 – November 1447), was Voivode of Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 to 1447. He is internationally known as the father of Vlad the Impaler, or Dracula. Born an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia, he spent his youth at the court of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who made him a member of the Order of the Dragon in 1431 (hence his sobriquet). Sigismund also recognized him as the lawful Voivode of Wallachia, allowing him to settle in nearby Transylvania. Vlad could not assert his claim during the life of his half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, who acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, Murad II. After Alexander Aldea died in 1436, Vlad seized Wallachia with Hungarian support. Following the death of Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1437, Hungary's position weakened, causing Vlad to pay homage to Murad II, which included participating in Murad II's invasion of Transylvania in the summer of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander I Of Moldavia
Alexander I, commonly known as Alexander the Good (; – 1 January 1432) was Voivode of Moldavia between 1400 and 1432. He was the son of Roman I and succeeded Iuga to the throne. As ruler he initiated a series of reforms while consolidating the status of the Principality of Moldavia. Reign Internal politics Alexander expanded the bureaucratic system by creating the "Council of the Voivode", the Chancellory and by adding (in 1403) the institution of Logofăt – Chancellor of the official Chancellery. During his reign, he introduced new fiscal laws by adding commercial privileges to the traders of Lviv (1408) and Kraków (1409), improved the situation of trading routes (especially the one linking the port of Cetatea Albă to Poland), strengthened the forts by guarding them and expanded the Moldavian ports of Cetatea Albă and Chilia. He also had a role in ending the conflict between the Moldavian Orthodox Church and the Patriarch of Constantinople. He built the B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radu Cel Frumos
Radu III of Wallachia, commonly called Radu the Handsome, Radu the Fair, or Radu the Beautiful (; ; January 1475), was the younger brother of Vlad III ( Vlad the Impaler) and prince of the principality of Wallachia. They were both sons of Vlad II Dracul and his wife, Princess Cneajna of Moldavia. In addition to Vlad III, Radu also had two older siblings, Mircea II and Vlad Călugărul, both of whom would also briefly rule Wallachia. In 1462, he defeated his brother, Vlad III, alongside Ottoman Empire sultan Mehmed II, with whom Radu had a good relationship. Life with the Ottomans In 1436, Vlad II Dracul ascended to the throne of Wallachia. He was ousted in 1442 by rival factions in league with Hungary, but secured Ottoman support for his return by agreeing to pay tribute to the Sultan and also send his two legitimate sons, Vlad III and Radu, to the Ottoman court, to serve as hostages of his loyalty. Vlad and Radu were later educated in logic, the Quran and the Turkish and Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bogdan II Of Moldavia
Bogdan II (1409 – 17 October 1451) was a prince of Moldavia from October 12, 1449, to October 17, 1451. Family According to some historians, he was the bastard of Alexander I of Moldavia, Alexander the Good, by an unknown mother. On the contrary, according to the others, he was the brother of Alexander the Good and son of Roman I of Moldavia. Bogdan II was the father of the Stephen the Great. He had a very good relationship with John Hunyadi, Iancu de Hunedoara, who supported his accession to the throne. He was married to Doamna Oltea (Lady Oltea), who became a nun under the name of Maria. She died on November 4, 1465, and was buried at the Probota Monastery of Suceava County. References See also Monarchs of Moldavia 1409 births 1451 deaths 15th-century Moldavian people House of Bogdan-Mușat {{Moldova-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maria Voichița
Doamna Maria Voichița (1457 – 26 February 1511) was a Princess consort of Moldavia (1480–1511). Life Born into the powerful House of Drăculești, Maria was daughter of Radu III the Handsome and his wife, Maria Despina, who was the daughter of Gjergj Arianiti and Maria Muzaka. She was niece of Vlad the Impaler. She married Prince Stephen III of Moldavia in 1478. This marriage linked Stephen to the ruling family of Wallachia, and opened the possibility that he might later claim that throne. She was regarded to have an influence upon the policy of her spouse. Additionally, she was a patron of the arts and church; for example, she is recorded as having commissioned a manuscript for the monastery of Pătrăuți. She is buried in the Putna Monastery, Romania. Issue * Bogdan III the One-Eyed, Voivode of Moldavia. * , who married to Fedor Wiśniowiecki The House of Wiśniowiecki () was a Princely houses of Poland and Lithuania, Polish-Lithuanian princely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen III Of Moldavia
Stephen III, better known as Stephen the Great (; ; died 2 July 1504), was Voivode (or Prince) of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504. He was the son of and co-ruler with Bogdan II, who was murdered in 1451 in a conspiracy organized by his brother and Stephen's uncle Peter III Aaron, who took the throne. Stephen fled to Hungary, and later to Wallachia; with the support of Vlad III Țepeș, Voivode of Wallachia, he returned to Moldavia, forcing Aaron to seek refuge in Poland in the summer of 1457. Teoctist I, Metropolitan of Moldavia, anointed Stephen prince. He attacked Poland and prevented Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland, from supporting Peter Aaron, but eventually acknowledged Casimir's suzerainty in 1459. Stephen decided to recapture Chilia (now Kiliia in Ukraine), an important port on the Danube, which brought him into conflict with Hungary and Wallachia. He besieged the town during the Ottoman invasion of Wallachia in 1462, but was seriously wounded during the siege. Tw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bogdan III Of Moldavia
Bogdan III the One-Eyed () or Bogdan III the Blind (; 18 March 1479 – 20 April 1517) was Voivode of Moldavia from July 2, 1504, to 1517. Family Bogdan was born in Huși as the son of Voivode Stephen III (Stephen the Great) and his wife Maria Voichița. He was his father's only surviving legitimate son. Conflict with Poland and Tatar incursions Immediately after Bogdan came to the throne, he expressed his intent to marry Elisabeth, sister of Polish King Alexander the Jagiellonian. After being twice refused despite offering generous gifts (including territorial concessions), he raided southern Poland, and Alexander accepted his demands—provided that Bogdan be more lenient towards the status of the Roman Catholic Church in Moldavia—in 1506. Alexander's death and Sigismund the Old's ascendancy led to a breaking of the previous agreement, provoking further incursions on each side. In October 1509, Bogdan was severely defeated on the Dniester river; a peace was signed on Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camel
A camel (from and () from Ancient Semitic: ''gāmāl'') is an even-toed ungulate in the genus ''Camelus'' that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. Camels have long been domesticated and, as livestock, they provide food ( camel milk and meat) and textiles (fiber and felt from camel hair). Camels are working animals especially suited to their desert habitat and are a vital means of transport for passengers and cargo. There are three surviving species of camel. The one-humped dromedary makes up 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humped Bactrian camel makes up 6%. The wild Bactrian camel is a distinct species that is not ancestral to the domestic Bactrian camel, and is now critically endangered, with fewer than 1,000 individuals. The word ''camel'' is also used informally in a wider sense, where the more correct term is "camelid", to include all seven species of the family Camelidae: the true camels (the above three species), along ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
