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Institute Of Precision Mechanics And Computer Engineering
Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (IPMCE) is a Russian research institution. It used to be a Soviet Academy of Sciences organization in Soviet times. The institute specializes itself in the development of: * Computer systems for national security * Hardware and software for digital telecommunication * Multimedia systems for control and training * Positioning and navigational systems In August 2009 IPMCE became a joint-stock company A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareho .... On 19 February 2025, a fire destroyed the Institute. Burning out some 1,500 square metres with the roof reportedly collapsed. Computers developed by IPMCE * BESM-1 * BESM-2 * BESM-4 * BESM-6 * Elbrus-1 * Elbrus-2 * Elbrus-3 Software developed by IPMCE * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ะะตะฑะตะดะตะฒ ะก
Lebedev (), or Lebedeva (feminine; ะะตฬะฑะตะดะตะฒะฐ) is a common Russians, Russian family name derived from the word ะปะตะฑะตะดั (''lebed'', meaning "swan"). Geographical distribution As of 2014, 83.5% of all known bearers of the surname ''Lebedev'' were residents of Russia (1:1,150), 5.5% of Ukraine (1:5,476), 2.8% of Belarus (1:2,295), 2.5% of Uzbekistan (1:8,343) and 2.4% of Kazakhstan (1:4,862). In Russia, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:1,150) in the following Federal subjects of Russia, federal subjects: * 1. Kostroma Oblast (1:157) * 2. Ivanovo Oblast (1:289) * 3. Tver Oblast (1:291) * 4. Yaroslavl Oblast (1:379) * 5. Jewish Autonomous Oblast (1:476) * 6. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (1:516) * 7. Mari El (1:521) * 8. Vologda Oblast (1:563) * 9. Vladimir Oblast (1:619) * 10. Leningrad Oblast (1:677) * 11. Novgorod Oblast (1:685) * 12. Amur Oblast (1:739) * 13. Udmurtia (1:761) * 14. Saint Petersburg (1:773) * 15. Pskov Oblast (1:838) * 16. Mosco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Navigational System
A navigation system is a computing system that aids in navigation. Navigation systems may be entirely on board the vehicle or vessel that the system is controlling (for example, on the ship's bridge) or located elsewhere, making use of radio or other signal transmission to control the vehicle or vessel. In some cases, a combination of these methods is used. Navigation systems may be capable of one or more of: * containing maps, which may be displayed in human-readable format via text or in a graphical format * determining a vehicle or vessel's location via sensors, maps, or information from external sources * providing suggested directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or speech * providing directions directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe or guided missile * providing information on nearby vehicles or vessels, or other hazards or obstacles * providing information on traffic conditions and suggesting alternative directions * simultaneou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Research Institutes In The Soviet Union
Research is creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion of past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institutes Of The Russian Academy Of Sciences
An institute is an organizational body created for a certain purpose. They are often research organisations (research institutes) created to do research on specific topics, or can also be a professional body. In some countries, institutes can be part of a university or other institutions of higher education, either as a group of departments or an autonomous educational institution without a traditional university status such as a "university institute", or institute of technology. In some countries, such as South Korea and India, private schools are sometimes referred to as institutes; also, in Spain, secondary schools are referred to as institutes. Historically, in some countries, institutes were educational units imparting vocational training and often incorporating libraries, also known as mechanics' institutes. The word "institute" comes from the Latin word ''institutum'' ("facility" or "habit"), in turn derived from ''instituere'' ("build", "create", "raise" or "educat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computing In The Soviet Union
The history of computing in the Soviet Union began in the late 1940s, when the country began to develop its Small Electronic Calculating Machine (MESM) at the Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology in Feofaniya. Initial ideological opposition to cybernetics in the Soviet Union was overcome by a Khrushchev era policy that encouraged computer production. By the early 1970s, the uncoordinated work of competing government ministries had left the Soviet computer industry in disarray. Due to lack of common standards for peripherals and lack of digital storage capacity the Soviet Union's technology significantly lagged behind the West's semiconductor industry. The Soviet government decided to abandon development of original computer designs and encouraged cloning of existing Western systems (e.g. the 1801 CPU series was scrapped in favor of the PDP-11 ISA by the early 1980s). Soviet industry was unable to mass-produce computers to acceptable quality standards and locally manufactu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ะญะปั-76
El-76 () is a high-level programming language developed in 1972โ1973. The language was created for the Elbrus computer. Participants in the creation of the language were: Boris Babayan, V. M. Pentkovskii, S. V. Semenikhin, S. V. Veretennikov, V. Y. Volkonsky, S. M. Zotov, A. I. Ivanov, Y. S. Rumyantsev, V. P. Torchigin, M. I. Kharitonov, and V. S. Shevekov. ะญะปั-76 was developed at the Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Its syntax was based on Russian language Russian is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is .... Program sample The sample below is a program of Hello World kind. ะฟัะพัะตะดััะฐ ะฟะตัะตะดะฐััะฟัะธะฒะตั = ะฟัะพั(ั32 ัะธัะปะพะฟัะธะฒะตัะพะฒ) ะฝะฐัะฐะปะพ ะตัะปะธ ัะธ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elbrus (computer)
The Elbrus () is a line of Soviet and Russian computer systems developed by the Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering. These computers are used in the space program, nuclear weapons research, and defense systems, as well as for theoretical and researching purposes, such as an experimental Refal and CLU translators. History Historically, computers under the ''Elbrus'' brand comprised several different instruction set architectures (ISAs). The first of them was the line of the large fourth-generation computers, developed by Vsevolod Burtsev. These were heavily influenced by the Burroughs large systems and similarly to them implemented tagged architecture and a variant of ALGOL-68 as system programming language. After that Burtsev retired, and new Lebedev's chief developer, Boris Babayan, introduced the completely new system architecture. Differing completely from the architecture of both Elbrus 1 and Elbrus 2, it employed a very long instructio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BESM
BESM (ะะญะกะ) is the series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950โ60s. The name is an acronym for "Bolshaya (or Bystrodeystvuyushchaya) Elektronno-schotnaya Mashina" ("ะะพะปััะฐั ัะปะตะบััะพะฝะฝะพ-ััััะฝะฐั ะผะฐัะธะฝะฐ" or "ะััััะพะดะตะนััะฒัััะฐั ัะปะตะบััะพะฝะฝะพ-ััััะฝะฐั ะผะฐัะธะฝะฐ"), meaning "Big Electronic Computing Machine" or "High-Speed Electronic Computing Machine". It was designed at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering Models The BESM series included six models. BESM-1 ''BESM-1'', originally referred to as simply the BESM or BESM AN ("BESM Akademii Nauk", BESM of the Academy of Sciences), was completed in 1952. Only one BESM-1 machine was built. The machine used approximately 5,000 vacuum tubes. At the time of completion, it was the fastest computer in Europe. The floating-point numbers were represented as 39-bit words: 32 bits for the mantissa, one bit for sign, and 1 + 5 bits for the exponen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joint-stock Company
A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the continued existence of the company. In modern-day corporate law, the existence of a joint-stock company is often synonymous with incorporation (possession of legal personality separate from shareholders) and limited liability (shareholders are liable for the company's debts only to the value of the money they have invested in the company). Therefore, joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited companies. Some jurisdictions still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability. In the United Kingdom and in other countries that have adopted its model of company law, they are known as unlimited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multimedia
Multimedia is a form of communication that uses a combination of different content forms, such as Text (literary theory), writing, Sound, audio, images, animations, or video, into a single presentation. This is in contrast to traditional mass media, such as printed material or audio recordings, which only feature one form of media content. Popular examples of multimedia include video podcasts, audio slideshows, and animated videos. Creating multimedia content involves the application of the principles of effective interactive communication. The five main building blocks of multimedia are text, image, audio, video, and animation. Multimedia encompasses various types of content, each serving different purposes: * Text - Fundamental to multimedia, providing context and information. * Audio - Includes music, sound effects, and voiceovers that enhance the experience. Recent developments include spatial audio and advanced sound design. * Ima ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergey Lebedev (scientist)
Sergey Alekseyevich Lebedev (; 2 November, 1902 โ 3 July, 1974) was a Soviet scientist in the fields of electrical engineering and computer science, and designer of the first Soviet computers. Biography Lebedev was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire. He graduated from Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow Highest Technical School in 1928. From then until 1946 he worked at All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (formerly a division of MSTU) in Moscow and Kyiv. In 1939 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Sciences for the development of the theory of "artificial stability" of electrical systems. During World War II, Lebedev worked in the field of control automation of complex systems. His group designed a weapon-aiming stabilization system for tanks and an automatic guidance system for airborne missiles. To perform these tasks Lebedev developed an analog computer system to solve ordinary differential equations. From 1946 to 1951 he headed the NASU Institute of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telecommunication
Telecommunication, often used in its plural form or abbreviated as telecom, is the transmission of information over a distance using electronic means, typically through cables, radio waves, or other communication technologies. These means of transmission may be divided into communication channels for multiplexing, allowing for a single medium to transmit several concurrent Session (computer science), communication sessions. Long-distance technologies invented during the 20th and 21st centuries generally use electric power, and include the electrical telegraph, telegraph, telephone, television, and radio. Early telecommunication networks used metal wires as the medium for transmitting signals. These networks were used for telegraphy and telephony for many decades. In the first decade of the 20th century, a revolution in wireless communication began with breakthroughs including those made in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi, who won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics. Othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
