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Indonesian Women's Movement
Gerwani (, "Indonesian Women's Movement") was a women's organization founded as Gerwis (, "Conscious Wives Movement") in Semarang, Central Java, on 4 June 1950. In 1954, Gerwis as an activist-based movement changed its name to Gerwani to signify its move towards a mass organization to appeal to communist supporters. Beginning with only 500 members in 1950, Gerwani claimed to have 1.5 million members in 1963. As one of the largest women's organizations in the 1950s, its broad membership was also a product of its close affiliation with the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) – reflected in Gerwani's concerns particularly with helping poor women workers, as well as their alliances with various labor unions. Nonetheless, Gerwani was an independent organization with both a feminist, and PKI-led wing. By 1965, Gerwani claimed to have 3 million members. Under Sukarno's Guided Democracy beginning in 1958, Gerwani's advocacy for gender equality, equal labor rights, and women's issues ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communist Party Of Indonesia
The Communist Party of Indonesia (Indonesian language, Indonesian: ''Partai Komunis Indonesia'', PKI) was a communist party in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, violent disbandment in 1965. The party had two million members in the 1955 elections, with 16 percent of the national vote and almost 30 percent of the vote in East Java. At the time, it was the largest communist party in the world after the Chinese and Soviet communist parties. During most of the period immediately following the Indonesian Independence until the eradication of the PKI in 1965, it was a legal party operating openly in the country. Accused of responsibility for the 30 September Movement, 1965 army-led coup attempt, the party was banned by General Suharto in March 1966. History Forerunners The Indies Social Democratic Association (Dutch language, Dutch: ''Indische Sociaal-Democratische ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian National Party
The Indonesian National Party (, PNI) was the name used by several nationalist political parties in Indonesia from 1927 until 1973. The first PNI was established by future President Sukarno. After independence, the new PNI supplied a number of prime ministers, and participated in the majority of cabinets in the 1950s and 1960s. The party was fused into the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1973. In the years following the reforms of the late 1990s, a number of parties claiming to be the continuation of previous PNIs stood in elections, but gained only a handful of seats. Pre-independence In November 1925, Sukarno, then a young engineer studying at the Bandung Technical College, founded the ''Algemeene Studie Club'', a study club inspired by a similar organization founded by Soetomo in Surabaya. The study club was later reformed on 4 July 1927 into a movement called the Indonesian National Association. In May 1928, the name was changed to the Indonesian National Party. The organizati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umi Sardjono
Umi Sardjono (pen name Sintha Melati, 24 December 1923 – 11 March 2011) was a prominent Indonesian activist who fought for the independence of the country and supported women's rights. She was involved in the Anti-fascism, anti-fascist and anti-war movements from the 1940s to the 1960s. As a resistance fighter during the Dutch East Indies campaign, Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, she and her husband operated a food stall which served as a message center for the underground. Captured in 1944, the couple were imprisoned until the surrender of Japan. On gaining release, they worked in the independence movement hoping to free Indonesia from Dutch rule. From 1945, Sardjono helped establish women's organizations to foster women's participation in the independence movement. The most important of these was (Indonesian Women's Movement, Gerwani), founded in 1950. She led the organization from its founding until its demise in 1965. Sardjono was one of the List of the firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasuruan
Pasuruan () is a city in East Java Province of Java, Indonesia. It had a population of 186,262 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 208,006 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 212,466 (comprising 106,294 males and 106,172 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Pasuruan Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3575) It is surrounded on the landward side by, but is administratively separate from, Pasuruan Regency. On the north side it faces onto the Madura Strait. It is located around 65 kilometres southeast of Surabaya, the provincial capital. Administrative districts Pasuruan is divided into four districts (''kecamatan''), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 2020Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 Febru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madura
is an list of islands of Indonesia, Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java. The island comprises an area of approximately (administratively including various smaller islands to the east, southeast and north that are administratively part of Madura's easternmost Sumenep Regency). Administratively, Madura is part of the province of East Java. It is separated from Java by the narrow Madura Strait. The administered area had a density of 773 people per km2 (2,003 per sq. mile) in mid-2024, while the main island had a somewhat higher figure of 862.3 per km2 (2,233 per sq. mile).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kabupaten Sumenep Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3529) Etymology Madura is named for Madurai, the home of the Hinduism, Hindu deity Vishnu, Azhagar.Ed. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson, 1903-09The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 : explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their histor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kediri (city)
Kediri (, ''Kutha Kadhiri'') is a city, located near the Brantas, Brantas River in the Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Java on the island of Java in Indonesia. It covers an area of 67.23 km2 and had a population of 268,950 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 286,796 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 298,830 (comprising 148,296 males and 150,524 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Kediri Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3571) It is one of two 'Subdivisions of Indonesia#Regencies and Cities, Daerah Tingkat II' that have the name 'Kediri' (the other is Kediri Regency, the Regency of Kediri, which surrounds the city). The city is administratively separated from the Regency, of which it was formerly the capital. Archaeological artefacts discovered in 2007 appeared to indicate that the region around Kediri may have been the location of the Kediri Kin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bandung
Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, the city is the List of Indonesian cities by population, fourth-most populous city and fourth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabaya, and Medan. Greater Bandung (Bandung Basin Metropolitan Area / BBMA) is the country's second-largest and second most populous List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia, metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. Situated above sea level (the highest point in the North area is at an altitude of , and the lowest in the South at above sea level), approximately southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other List of cities in Indonesia, Indonesian cities. The city lies in a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provide a natural defense system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government's plan to move the capital from Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) to Bandung. The D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isteri-Sedar
Isteri-Sedar (IS—Aware Women) was a women's organization established in Bandung, Indonesia in 1930 by Soewarni Pringgodigdo. It was a radical nationalist group founded on its anti-polygamy stance after the First Indonesian Women's Congress in 1928. The Socialist Party of Indonesia The Socialist Party of Indonesia (, PSI) was a socialist political party in Indonesia which existed from 1948 until 1960, when it was banned by President Sukarno. Origins In December 1945, Amir Sjarifoeddin's Socialist Party of Indonesia (P ... (PSI) maintained close links with Isteri-Sedar. But after the 1955 elections, the PSI felt that Isteri-Sedar had failed to mobilize women voters for the party and thus the party decided to form a women's wing of its own, Gerakan Wanita Sosialis. Wijono. ''The General Elections in Indonesia and the Partai Sosialis Indonesia'', in ''Socialist Asia'', Vol IV, November 1955/February 1956, Nos. 3-4. pp. 16-17 History First Indonesian Women's Congress in 192 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surabaya
Surabaya is the capital city of East Java Provinces of Indonesia, province and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on the Madura Strait, it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. According to the Government of Indonesia, National Development Planning Agency, Surabaya is one of the Regions of Indonesia#Development regions, four main central cities of Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Medan, and Makassar. The city had a population of 2,874,314 within its city limits at the 2020 census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. With 3,009,286 people living in the city as of mid 2023 (comprising 1,490,358 males and 1,518,928 females) Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Surabaya Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3578) and over 10 million in the extended Surabaya metropolitan area, according to the latest official estimate, Surabaya is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postwar and Dutch East Indies#World War II and independence, postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesian Declaration of Independence, Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949. The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II Allies, World War II allies) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Repu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nationalism
Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History''. Polity, 2010. pp. 9, 25–30; especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining its sovereignty ( self-governance) over its perceived homeland to create a nation-state. It holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-determination), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity, and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power. It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on a combination of shared social characteristics such as culture, ethnicity, geographic location, language, politics (or the government), religion, traditions and belief in a shared singular history, and to promote national unity or solidarity. There are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communism
Communism () is a political sociology, sociopolitical, political philosophy, philosophical, and economic ideology, economic ideology within the history of socialism, socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products in society based on need.: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." A communist society entails the absence of private property and social classes, and ultimately money and the State (polity), state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a Libertarian socialism, libertarian socialist approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and an authoritarian socialism, authoritarian socialist, vanguardis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
