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Hafs Ibn Al-Walid Ibn Yusuf Al-Hadrami
Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami () was a governor of Egypt for the Umayyad Caliphate in the mid-8th century. Hafs was a member of a well-connected family from the original Arab settler community in Egypt, the "''jund''",Kennedy (1998), p. 75 chiefly resident at the capital of Fustat, which had traditionally dominated the province's administration. He had served as ''sahib al-shurta'' (chief of police) prior to his rise to the governorship. With the death of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 743, the Umayyad regime entered a period of instability—that eventually culminated in civil war—and Hafs sought to use the weakness of the Umayyad government to re-affirm the predominance of the ''jund'' in Egyptian affairs against the Qays Syrians who had come to Egypt with Umayyad backing over the previous years. The Syrians were forcibly expelled from Fustat, and Hafs set about recruiting a force of 30,000 men, named ''Hafsiya'' after him, from among the native non-Arab converts ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Rulers Of Islamic Egypt
Governors of Egypt in the Middle Ages, Arab Egypt (640–1250) and Mamluk Egypt (1250–1517). For other periods, see the Lists of rulers of Egypt, list of rulers of Egypt. Rashidun Caliphate (640–658) Umayyad Caliphate (659–750) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Abbasid Caliphate (750–969) Governors during the first Abbasid period (750–868) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Autonomous emirs of the Tulunid dynasty (868–905) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Governors during the second Abbasid period (905–935) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Autonomous emirs of the Ikhshidid dynasty (935–969) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Fatimid Dynasty (969–1171) Dates for Caliphs taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1252) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shurta
''Shurṭa'' ( ar, شرطة) is the common Arabic term for police, although its precise meaning is that of a "picked" or elite force. Bodies termed ''shurṭa'' were established in the early days of the Caliphate, perhaps as early as the caliphate of Uthman (644–656). In the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the ''shurṭa'' had considerable power, and its head, the ''ṣāḥib al-shurṭa'' ( ar, صاحب الشرطة), was an important official, whether at the provincial level or in the central government. The duties of the ''shurṭa'' varied with time and place: it was primarily a police and internal security force and also had judicial functions, but it could also be entrusted with suppressing brigandage, enforcing the '' ḥisbah'', customs and tax duties, rubbish collection, acting as a bodyguard for governors, etc. In the Abbasid East, the chief of police also supervised the prison system. From the 10th century, the importance of the ''shurṭa'' declined, along with the po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Year Of Birth Unknown
A year or annus is the orbital period of a planetary body, for example, the Earth, moving in its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by change in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. In temperate and subpolar regions around the planet, four seasons are generally recognized: spring, summer, autumn and winter. In tropical and subtropical regions, several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons; but in the seasonal tropics, the annual wet and dry seasons are recognized and tracked. A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth's orbital period, as counted in a given calendar. The Gregorian calendar, or modern calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days, as do the Julian calendars. For the Gregorian calendar, the average length of the calendar year ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
8th-century Umayyad Governors Of Egypt
The 8th century is the period from 701 ( DCCI) through 800 ( DCCC) in accordance with the Julian Calendar. The coast of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula quickly came under Islamic Arab domination. The westward expansion of the Umayyad Empire was famously halted at the siege of Constantinople by the Byzantine Empire and the Battle of Tours by the Franks. The tide of Arab conquest came to an end in the middle of the 8th century.Roberts, J., ''History of the World'', Penguin, 1994. In Europe, late in the century, the Vikings, seafaring peoples from Scandinavia, begin raiding the coasts of Europe and the Mediterranean, and go on to found several important kingdoms. In Asia, the Pala Empire is founded in Bengal. The Tang dynasty reaches its pinnacle under Chinese Emperor Xuanzong. The Nara period begins in Japan. Events * Estimated century in which the poem Beowulf is composed. * Classical Maya civilization begins to decline. * The Kombumerri burial grounds are founded. * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
8th-century Executions By The Umayyad Caliphate
The 8th century is the period from 701 ( DCCI) through 800 ( DCCC) in accordance with the Julian Calendar. The coast of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula quickly came under Islamic Arab domination. The westward expansion of the Umayyad Empire was famously halted at the siege of Constantinople by the Byzantine Empire and the Battle of Tours by the Franks. The tide of Arab conquest came to an end in the middle of the 8th century.Roberts, J., '' History of the World'', Penguin, 1994. In Europe, late in the century, the Vikings, seafaring peoples from Scandinavia, begin raiding the coasts of Europe and the Mediterranean, and go on to found several important kingdoms. In Asia, the Pala Empire is founded in Bengal. The Tang dynasty reaches its pinnacle under Chinese Emperor Xuanzong. The Nara period begins in Japan. Events * Estimated century in which the poem Beowulf is composed. * Classical Maya civilization begins to decline. * The Kombumerri burial grounds are founded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umayyad Governors Of Egypt
The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty ( ar, ٱلْأُمَوِيُّون, ''al-ʾUmawīyūn'', or , ''Banū ʾUmayyah'', "Sons of Umayyah"). Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), the third of the Rashidun caliphs, was also a member of the clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Greater Syria, who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Fitna in 661. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in the Second Fitna, and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. Greater Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, with Damascus serving as their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporatin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
745 Deaths
__NOTOC__ Year 745 ( DCCXLV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 745 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Bubonic plague in Asia Minor kills 1/3 of the population, and subsequently sweeps through the Peloponnese ( Balkan Peninsula) (approximate date). Europe * Hunald I, duke of Aquitaine, retires to a monastery, probably on Île de Ré. He is succeeded by his son Waifar, who struggles during his rule for independence against the Frankish Kingdom. * Carantania (modern Austria) loses its independence and becomes part of the Frankish Kingdom, due to the pressing danger posed by Avar tribes from the east (approximate date). Asia * China has accomplishments in poetry, painting and printing, but its monarchical system tends toward failure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Governors Of Islamic Egypt
Governors of Arab Egypt (640–1250) and Mamluk Egypt (1250–1517). For other periods, see the list of rulers of Egypt. Rashidun Caliphate (640–658) Umayyad Caliphate (659–750) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Abbasid Caliphate (750–969) Governors during the first Abbasid period (750–868) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Autonomous emirs of the Tulunid dynasty (868–905) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Governors during the second Abbasid period (905–935) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Autonomous emirs of the Ikhshidid dynasty (935–969) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Fatimid Dynasty (969–1171) Dates for Caliphs taken from John Stewart's ''African States and Rulers'' (2005). Ayyubid Sultanate (1171–1252) Dates taken from John Stewart's ''African States an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawthara Ibn Suhayl Al-Bahili
Ḥawthara ibn Suhayl al-Bāhilī () (died 750) was a Bedouin Arab administrator and military leader in the final years of the Umayyad Caliphate. The philosopher al-Kindī describes him as famous for his eloquence. Ḥawthara was appointed ''wālī'' (governor) of Egypt in AD 745 ( AH 128) by the Caliph Marwān II. He was dispatched with a large army drawn from the ''jund'' (army) of '' bilād al-Shām'' (Syria). Egypt at that time was under the ''de facto'' government of Ḥafṣ ibn al-Walīd, the former governor who had resigned at the accession of Marwān II. His body of non-Arab troops, the ''Ḥafṣīya'', forced him back into power. He refused, however, to oppose Ḥawthara and, after some negotiations, the latter entered Fusṭāt, the capital of Egypt. Once in power, Ḥawthara purged the leadership of the ''Ḥafṣīya'' and executed Ḥafṣ himself. He recruited 2,300 troops from among the Umayyad clients ('' mawālī'') and the Qays tribal confederation. His t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mawla
Mawlā ( ar, مَوْلَى, plural ''mawālī'' ()), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.A.J. Wensinck, Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed, Brill. "Mawlā", vol. 6, p. 874. Before the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the term originally applied to any form of tribal association. In the Quran and hadiths it is used in a number of senses, including 'Lord', 'guardian', 'trustee', and 'helper'. After Muhammad's death, this institution was adapted by the Umayyad dynasty to incorporate new converts to Islam into Arab-Muslim society and the word ''mawali'' gained currency as an appellation for converted non-Arab Muslims in the early Islamic caliphates. Etymology The word ''mawla'' is derived from the root ''w-l-y'' , meaning "to be close to", "to be friends with", or "to have power over". ''Mawla'' can have reciprocal meanings, depending on whether it is used in the active or passive voice: "master" or "slave/freedman", "patron" or "client ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilad Al-Sham
Bilad al-Sham ( ar, بِلَاد الشَّام, Bilād al-Shām), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates. It roughly corresponded with the Byzantine Diocese of the East, conquered by the Muslims in 634–647. Under the Umayyads (661–750) Bilad al-Sham was the metropolitan province of the Caliphate and different localities throughout the province served as the seats of the Umayyad caliphs and princes. Bilad al-Sham was first organized into the four '' ajnad'' (military districts; singular ''jund'') of Filastin (Palestine), al-Urdunn (Jordan), Dimashq (Damascus), and Hims (Homs), between 637 and 640 by Caliph Umar following the Muslim conquest. The ''jund'' of Qinnasrin was created out of the northern part of Hims by caliphs Mu'awiya I () or Yazid I (). The Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) was made an independent province from the Mesopotamian part of Qinnasrin by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qays
Qays ʿAylān ( ar, قيس عيلان), often referred to simply as Qays (''Kais'' or ''Ḳays'') were an Arab tribal confederation that branched from the Mudar group. The tribe does not appear to have functioned as a unit in the pre-Islamic era (pre-630). However, by the early Umayyad period (661-750), its constituent tribes consolidated into one of the main tribo-political factions of the caliphate. The major constituent tribes or tribal groupings of the Qays were the Ghatafan, Hawazin, Amir, Thaqif, Sulaym, Ghani, Bahila and Muharib. Many of these tribes or their clans migrated from the Arabian Peninsula and established themselves in Jund Qinnasrin (military district of northern Syria) and the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), which long became their abode. From there they governed on behalf of the caliphs or rebelled against them. The power of the Qays as a unified group diminished with the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate which did not derive its military strength solely from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
