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Horizontal And Vertical (other)
Horizontal and vertical commonly refers a concept about orientation in mathematics, geography, physics and other sciences, with the vertical typically being defined by the direction of gravity, and with the horizontal being perpendicular to the vertical. Horizontal and vertical may also refer to: Business * Horizontal and vertical integration, about control of value chains ** Horizontal integration, when a company increases production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain and in the same industry (e.g via internal expansion, acquisition or merger) ** Vertical integration, when the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company (i.e. integration of multiple stages of production) * Horizontal and vertical markets, about which sectors are eligible for marketing ** Horizontal market, a market characterized by a product or service meeting the needs of a wide range of buyers across different sectors ** Vertical market, a market characterized b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horizontal And Vertical
In astronomy, geography, and related sciences and contexts, a '' direction'' or '' plane'' passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it contains the local gravity direction at that point. Conversely, a direction or plane is said to be horizontal if it is perpendicular to the vertical direction. In general, something that is vertical can be drawn from up to down (or down to up), such as the y-axis in the Cartesian coordinate system. Historical definition The word ''horizontal'' is derived from the Latin , which derives from the Greek , meaning 'separating' or 'marking a boundary'. The word ''vertical'' is derived from the late Latin ', which is from the same root as ''vertex'', meaning 'highest point' or more literally the 'turning point' such as in a whirlpool. Girard Desargues defined the vertical to be perpendicular to the horizon in his 1636 book ''Perspective''. Geophysical definition The plumb line and spirit level In physics, engineering and construction, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horizontal Integration
Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. A company may do this via internal expansion, acquisition or merger. The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that product or service. Horizontal integration contrasts with vertical integration, where companies integrate multiple stages of production of a small number of production units. Horizontal alliance Horizontal integration is related to horizontal alliance (also known as horizontal cooperation). However, in the case of a horizontal alliance, the partnering companies set up a contract, but remain independent. For example, Raue & Wieland (2015) describe the example of legally independent logistics service providers who cooperate. Such an alliance relates to competition. Aspects Benefits of horizontal integration to both the firm and society may include economies of scale and economie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertical Integration
In microeconomics, management and international political economy, vertical integration is a term that describes the arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is integrated and owned by that company. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It contrasts with horizontal integration, wherein a company produces several items that are related to one another. Vertical integration has also described management styles that bring large portions of the supply chain not only under a common ownership but also into one corporation (as in the 1920s when the Ford River Rouge Complex began making much of its own steel rather than buying it from suppliers). Vertical integration and expansion is desired because it secures supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product. Vertical integration and expansion can become undesirable wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horizontal Market
A vertical market is a market in which vendors offer goods and services ''specific'' to an industry, trade, profession, or other group of customers with specialized needs. A horizontal market is a market in which a product or service meets a need of a wide range of buyers across different sectors of an economy. Types There are three types of vertical market which encompass successive market stages of production and distribution: corporate, administered and contractual. #Corporate vertical markets combine market stages under single ownership. #Administered vertical markets are coordinated by one company due its size and power. #Contractual vertical markets are created by independent companies that combine market stages through legal agreements. See also *Vertical integration * Vertical market software * Vertical monopoly *Supply and demand In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that, holding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertical Market
A vertical market is a market in which vendors offer goods and services ''specific'' to an industry, trade, profession, or other group of customers with specialized needs. A horizontal market is a market in which a product or service meets a need of a wide range of buyers across different sectors of an economy. Types There are three types of vertical market which encompass successive market stages of production and distribution: corporate, administered and contractual. #Corporate vertical markets combine market stages under single ownership. #Administered vertical markets are coordinated by one company due its size and power. #Contractual vertical markets are created by independent companies that combine market stages through legal agreements. See also * Vertical integration * Vertical market software * Vertical monopoly *Supply and demand In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that, holdin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertical And Horizontal Bundles
In mathematics, the vertical bundle and the horizontal bundle are vector bundles associated to a smooth fiber bundle. More precisely, given a smooth fiber bundle \pi\colon E\to B, the vertical bundle VE and horizontal bundle HE are subbundles of the tangent bundle TE of E whose Whitney sum satisfies VE\oplus HE\cong TE. This means that, over each point e\in E, the fibers V_eE and H_eE form complementary subspaces of the tangent space T_eE. The vertical bundle consists of all vectors that are tangent to the fibers, while the horizontal bundle requires some choice of complementary subbundle. To make this precise, define the vertical space V_eE at e\in E to be \ker(d\pi_e). That is, the differential d\pi_e\colon T_eE\to T_bB (where b=\pi(e)) is a linear surjection whose kernel has the same dimension as the fibers of \pi. If we write F=\pi^(b), then V_eE consists of exactly the vectors in T_eE which are also tangent to F. The name is motivated by low-dimensional examples like the tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horizontal And Vertical Writing In East Asian Scripts
Many East Asian scripts can be written horizontally or vertically. Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese Hán- Nôm and Korean scripts can be oriented along either axis, as they consist mainly of disconnected logographic or syllabic units, each occupying a square block of space, thus allowing for flexibility for which direction texts can be written, be it horizontally from left-to-right, horizontally from right-to-left, vertically from top-to-bottom, and even vertically from bottom-to-top. Traditionally, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean are written vertically in columns going from top to bottom and ordered from right to left, with each new column starting to the left of the preceding one. The stroke order and stroke direction of Chinese characters (''hanzi'' in Chinese, ''kanji'' in Japanese, chữ Hán in Vietnamese and ''hanja'' in Korean), Japanese kana, Vietnamese chữ Nôm and Korean Hangul all facilitate writing in this manner. In addition, writing in vertical co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horizontal (other)
Horizontal may refer to: *Horizontal plane, in astronomy, geography, geometry and other sciences and contexts *Horizontal coordinate system, in astronomy *Horizontalism, in monetary circuit theory *Horizontalism, in sociology *Horizontal market, in microeconomics * ''Horizontal'' (album), a 1968 album by the Bee Gees ** "Horizontal" (song)" is a 1968 song by the Bee Gees See also *Horizontal and vertical *Horizontal fissure (other), anatomical features *Horizontal bar The horizontal bar, also known as the high bar, is an apparatus used by male gymnasts in artistic gymnastics. It traditionally consists of a cylindrical metal (typically steel) bar that is rigidly held above and parallel to the floor by a syst ..., an apparatus used by male gymnasts in artistic gymnastics * Vertical (other) * {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
