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Holistic National Security
The concept of holistic national security ( zh, s=总体国家安全观, hp=Zǒngtǐ guójiā ānquán guān), also translated as comprehensive national security, is a principle of national security policy defined by Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping in 2014. According to this principle, dimensions such as economic security, cybersecurity, and energy security are viewed as necessary to traditional national security concerns. Development Xi Jinping introduced the concept of holistic national security in 2014, which he defined as taking "the security of the people as compass, political security as its roots, economic security as its pillar, military security, cultural security, and cultural security as its protections, and that relies on the promotion of international security." Holistic national security also emphasizes the need for energy security. Xi created National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party, which focuses on holistic national securit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Academy For Security Policy
The Federal Academy for Security Policy (, BAKS) is the Federal Republic of Germany’s interministerial institution for advanced studies, education and training in security policy in the remit of the Federal Ministry of Defence. It has its seat in a complex of buildings on the premises of Schönhausen Palace in Berlin-Niederschönhausen, which was built in the 1950s for the former East German Government. Tasks and objectives The Federal Academy for Security Policy is responsible for providing comprehensive advanced training beyond ministerial bounds for current and future executive personnel both from federal and state institutions and from private sectors of relevance to security policy. It covers all areas of security policy and government and personal action. It is also responsible for establishing a network between the above groups of people. The Federal Academy for Security Policy sees itself as a forum for discussing security policy interests and in this function it supports ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jamestown Foundation
The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington, D.C.–based non-partisan defense policy think tank. Founded in 1984 as a platform to support Soviet defectors, its stated mission is to inform and educate policy makers about events and trends, which it regards as being of current strategic importance to the United States. Jamestown publications focus on China, Russia, Eurasia, and global terrorism. Founding and mission The Jamestown Foundation was founded in 1984 after Arkady Shevchenko, the highest-ranking Soviet official ever to defect when he left his position as Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, defected in 1978. William Geimer, an American lawyer, had been working closely with Shevchenko, and established the foundation as a vehicle to promote the writings of the former Soviet diplomat and those of Ion Pacepa, a former top Romanian intelligence officer; with the help of the foundation, both defectors published bestselling books.Jamestown FoundationOrigins Centra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of The People's Republic Of China
The government of the People's Republic of China is based on a system of people's congress within the parameters of a Unitary state, unitary communist state, in which the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enacts its policies through people's congresses. This system is based on the principle of Unified power, unified state power, in which the legislature, the National People's Congress (NPC), is Constitution of the People's Republic of China, constitutionally enshrined as "the highest state organ of power." As China's political system has no separation of powers, there is only one branch of government which is represented by the legislature. The CCP through the NPC enacts unified leadership, which requires that all state organs, from the Supreme People's Court to the State Council of China, are elected by, answerable to, and have no separate powers than those granted to them by the NPC. By law, all elections at all levels must adhere to the leadership of the CCP. The CCP contro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideology Of The Chinese Communist Party
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) frames its ideology as Marxism–Leninism adapted to the historical context of China, often expressing it as socialism with Chinese characteristics. Major ideological contributions of the CCP's leadership are viewed as "Thought" or "Theory," with "Thought" carrying greater weight. Influential concepts include Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and Xi Jinping Thought. Other important concepts include the socialist market economy, Jiang Zemin's idea of the Three Represents, and Hu Jintao's Scientific Outlook on Development. Definition In the early days of the CCP, the prevailing nationalism and populism in 1910s China played an important part in the ideology of early communists such as Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong. On the one hand, Marxism was a spiritual utopia to the early communists, while, on the other hand, they modified or "Sinicized" some doctrines of communist ideology in a realistic and nationalist way to support their revolution in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Security
Political security is one of five sectors of analysis under the framework of the Copenhagen School of security studies. As a Human Security Approach, the concept of political security was briefly defined in the 1994 Human Development Report (HDR) as the prevention of government repression, systematic human rights violations, and threats from militarisation, it has not been widely taken as a serious framework in scholarly or policy circles. The HDR's original intent was to establish an agenda protecting individuals from state-led repression, including political persecution, torture, and enforced disappearances. However, the notion of political security has since evolved more in response to immediate crises and the practical realities of international relations than in adherence to the HDR's initial parameters. In practice, discussions of political security have become intertwined with debates on humanitarian assistance and intervention. Throughout the 1990s, this largely focused on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Changes Unseen In A Century
Great changes unseen in a century () is a term in Chinese political rhetoric which refers to geopolitical shifts in which the United States is seen as a declining power and in which the rise of populism, economic securitization, and advancing technology create an environment of uncertainty that results in both opportunities and threats for China. The term originated from Ministry of State Security political scientist Yuan Peng in 2009 and has since become a common phrase in foreign policy discourse by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and its General Secretary Xi Jinping. Origin Political scientist Yuan Peng was the first to use the term "great changes unseen in a century" to refer to China's position in contemporary geopolitics. Yuan began using the term in his essays after the 2008 financial crisis. It became prominent following the publication of his book ''Changes Unseen in 400 Years: From Westphalia to a New World Order.'' Yuan's book described the Peace of Westphalia as t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuan Peng
Yuan Peng ( zh, s=袁鹏) is a Chinese intelligence officer and political scientist specializing in analysis of the United States for the Ministry of State Security (MSS). He previously headed the 11th bureau of the MSS, commonly known as the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR), a unit specializing in overt and open-source intelligence collection and international academic outreach. He is considered one of the ministry's foremost analysts on the United States. Yuan is noted for coining the phrase "great changes unseen in a century" to refer to China's position in contemporary geopolitics. The term has since become a major topic of academic discussion and has been incorporated into the foreign policy discourse of Chinese leader Xi Jinping. He is a member of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. According to media reports, Yuan is now a vice minister of state security under the name Yuan Yikun . Bio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Council On Foreign Relations
The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) is a pan-European think tank with offices in seven European capitals. Launched in October 2007, it conducts research on European foreign and security policy and provides a meeting space for decision-makers, activists and influencers to share ideas. ECFR builds coalitions for change at the European level and promotes informed debate about Europe's role in the world. ECFR has offices in Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Rome, Warsaw and Sofia. ECFR was founded in 2007 by Mark Leonard together with a council of fifty founding members, chaired by Martti Ahtisaari, Joschka Fischer, and Mabel van Oranje, with initial funding from George Soros's Open Society Foundations, the Communitas Foundation, Sigrid Rausing, Unicredit and Fundación Para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE). ECFR's council brings together over 300 Europeans from across Europe. Currently chaired by Carl Bildt, Lykke Friis and Norbert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China Institutes Of Contemporary International Relations
The China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR; ; zh, s=中国现代国际关系研究院 , p=) is the cover identity of the 11th Bureau of the Chinese Ministry of State Security (MSS). It is a set of research institutes used as a front to influence foreign diplomats and academics and collect intelligence. Located in Beijing, CICIR is operated by senior MSS officers. A 2009 report from the CIA's Open Source Center concluded that CICIR resembles a "Soviet-style intelligence organ" whose principle intelligence customer is the Foreign Affairs Leading Group. CICIR is overseen by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. CICIR has a staff of approximately 400, including 150 senior research fellows. It consists of 15 departments with different regional and functional concentrations, as well as two research divisions focusing on the Korean Peninsula and Central Asia, and eight research centers. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Global Security Initiative
The Global Security Initiative (GSI, ) is an initiative proposed by Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping during the annual Boao Forum on 21 April 2022. Officially, the initiative is meant to "uphold the principle of indivisible security, build a balanced, effective and sustainable security architecture, and oppose the building of national security on the basis of insecurity in other countries." Concept The new security concept is part of the background for the GSI. The GSI was announced during the 2022 Boao Forum for Asia. The GSI identifies six commitments: (1) common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security; (2) respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries; (3) abiding by the purpose and principles of the UN Charter; (4) taking the security concerns of all countries seriously; (5) peacefully resolving disputes between countries through dialogue; and (6) maintaining security in both traditional and non-traditional fields. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Security Of China
The national security of the People's Republic of China is the coordination of a variety of organizations, including law enforcement, military, paramilitary, governmental, and intelligence agencies that aim to ensure country's national security. Conceptual development Until 1961, the People's Liberation Army focused on planning for the possibility of a United States ground incursion which leadership theorized could come through the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan, or Vietnam. Chinese leadership assumed that a US incursion would also include US attempts to bomb Chinese cities with nuclear weapons. Anticipating risks of US or Soviet invasions, China launched the Third Front campaign to develop industrial and military facilities in the country's interior, where it would be less vulnerable to attack. The Sino-Soviet border clashes and the concentration of Soviet military forces near the border between the two countries meant that after 1969, Chinese leadership viewed a Soviet incursi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stanford University Press
Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University. It is one of the oldest academic presses in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It is currently a member of the Association of University Presses. The press publishes 130 books per year across the humanities, social sciences, and business, and has more than 3,500 titles in print. History David Starr Jordan, the first president of Stanford University, posited four propositions to Leland and Jane Stanford when accepting the post, the last of which stipulated, "That provision be made for the publication of the results of any important research on the part of professors, or advanced students. Such papers may be issued from time to time as 'Memoirs of the Leland Stanford Junior University.'" In 1892, the first work of scholarship to be published under the Stanford name, ''The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789-1833'', by Orrin Leslie Elliott, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
