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Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew
The Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew's (a term used by historian François Boulet in his book was a series of assassinations and arrests of the main leaders of Grenoble's French Resistance, resistance to German occupation, between November 25 and 30, 1943. It was carried out by a team of Wartime collaboration, collaborationists under the orders of Jacques Doriot, Doriot and the Lyon French Popular Party, PPF led by Francis André. It was named after St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, the Protestant massacre of 1572. During the World War II, Second World War, while the north of France had been occupied by German troops since June 1940, the southern or Zone libre, free zone was also invaded in November 1942, except for the French Alps, Alps region, which found itself under a much less violent Italian occupation. This situation attracted many persecuted refugees and academics to Grenoble. The city's proximity to imposing mountain ranges and the ease with which Maquis (World War II), Maquis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grenoble
Grenoble ( ; ; or ; or ) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of the Isère Departments of France, department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Regions of France, region of southeastern France. It was the capital of the Dauphiné Provinces of France, historical province and lies where the river Drac (river), Drac flows into the Isère (river), Isère at the foot of the French Alps. The population of the Communes of France, commune of Grenoble was 158,198 as of 2019, while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: or ) was 714,799 which makes it the largest metropolis in the Alps, ahead of Innsbruck and Bolzano.Comparateur de territoire INSEE A significant European scientific centre, [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lake Geneva
Lake Geneva is a deep lake on the north side of the Alps, shared between Switzerland and France. It is one of the List of largest lakes of Europe, largest lakes in Western Europe and the largest on the course of the Rhône. Sixty percent () of the lake belongs to Switzerland (the cantons of Vaud, Canton of Geneva, Geneva and Valais) and forty percent () to France (the department of Haute-Savoie). Name While the exact origins of the name are unknown, the name was in use during the time of Julius Caesar. comes from Ancient Greek () meaning "port's lake". In Medieval Latin it was known as , although this name was also used for Lausonius Lacus, a town or district on the lake, or ; the equivalent in Old French was . Following the rise of Geneva it became (translated into English as ''Lake Geneva''), but was the common name on all local maps and is the customary name in the French language. In contemporary English language, English, the name ''Lake Geneva'' has become predo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schutzstaffel
The ''Schutzstaffel'' (; ; SS; also stylised with SS runes as ''ᛋᛋ'') was a major paramilitary organisation under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II. It began with a small guard unit known as the ''Saal-Schutz'' ("Hall Security") made up of party volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. In 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed and given its final name. Under his direction (1929–1945) it grew from a small paramilitary formation during the Weimar Republic to one of the most powerful organisations in Nazi Germany. From the time of the Nazi Party's rise to power until the regime's collapse in 1945, the SS was the foremost agency of security, mass surveillance, and state terrorism within Germany and German-occupied Europe. The two main constituent groups were the '' Allgemeine SS'' (General SS) and ''Waffen-SS'' (Armed SS). The ''Allgemeine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Einsatzkommando
During World War II, the Nazi German ' were a sub-group of the ' (mobile killing squads) – up to 3,000 men total – usually composed of 500–1,000 functionaries of the SS and Gestapo, whose mission was to exterminate Jews, Polish intellectuals, Romani, and communists in the captured territories often far behind the advancing German front.Thomas Urban, reporter of the Süddeutsche Zeitung; Polish text in Rzeczpospolita, Sept 1–2, 2001 ''Einsatzkommandos'', along with '' Sonderkommandos'', were responsible for the systematic murder of Jews during the aftermath of Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. After the war, several commanders were tried in the Einsatzgruppen trial, convicted, and executed. Organization of the ''Einsatzgruppen'' ''Einsatzgruppen'' () were paramilitary groups originally formed in 1938 under the direction of Reinhard Heydrich – Chief of the SD, and ''Sicherheitspolizei'' (Security Police; SiPo). They were operated by the ''Schut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sicherheitsdienst
' (, "Security Service"), full title ' ("Security Service of the ''Reichsführer-SS''"), or SD, was the intelligence agency of the Schutzstaffel, SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. Established in 1931, the SD was the first Nazi intelligence organization and the Gestapo (formed in 1933) was considered its sister organization through the integration of SS members and operational procedures. The SD was administered as an independent SS office between 1933 and 1939. That year, the SD was transferred over to the Reich Security Main Office (''Reichssicherheitshauptamt''; RSHA), as one of its seven departments. Its first director, Reinhard Heydrich, intended for the SD to bring every single individual within the Third Reich's reach under "continuous supervision". Following Germany's defeat in World War II, the tribunal at the Nuremberg trials officially declared that the SD was a criminal organisation, along with the rest of Heydrich's RSHA (including the Gestapo) both individually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gestapo
The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Free State of Prussia, Prussia into one organisation. On 20 April 1934, oversight of the Gestapo passed to the head of the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS), Heinrich Himmler, who was also appointed Chief of German Police by Hitler in 1936. Instead of being exclusively a Prussian state agency, the Gestapo became a national one as a sub-office of the (SiPo; Security Police). From 27 September 1939, it was administered by the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). It became known as (Dept) 4 of the RSHA and was considered a sister organisation to the (SD; Security Service). The Gestapo committed widespread atrocities during its existence. The power of the Gestapo was used to focus upon political opponents, ideological dissenters (clergy and religious org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previously used term (''Reich Defence'') and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime's efforts to German rearmament, rearm Germany to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted. After the Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Nazi rise to power in 1933, one of Adolf Hitler's most overt and bellicose moves was to establish the ''Wehrmacht'', a modern offensively-capable armed force, fulfilling the Nazi regime's long-term goals of regaining lost territory as well as gaining new territory and dominating its neighbours. This required the reinstatement of conscription and massive investment and Military budget, defence spending on the arms industry. The ''Wehrmacht'' formed the heart of Germany's politico-military po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blvd Edouard Rey - Grenoble (automne 1943)
A boulevard is a type of broad avenue planted with rows of trees, or in parts of North America, any urban highway or wide road in a commercial district. In Europe, boulevards were originally circumferential roads following the line of former city walls. In North American usage, boulevards may be wide, multi-lane thoroughfares divided with only a central median. Etymology The word ''boulevard'' is borrowed from French. In France, it originally meant the flat surface of a rampart, and later a promenade taking the place of a demolished fortification. It is a borrowing from the Dutch word ' ' bulwark'. Notable examples Asia Azerbaijan *Baku Boulevard Bangladesh *Manik Mia Avenue Cambodia *Norodom Boulevard *Monivong Boulevard *Sihanouk Boulevard India * M G Road *Anna Salai * Indira Gandhi Sarani * Marine Drive * Krishnaraja Boulevard *Rajpath *Necklace Road * Mahatma Gandhi Road *Foreshore Road Indonesia *Jalan Jenderal Sudirman *Jalan M.H. Thamrin *Jalan Jenderal Gatot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vercors Massif
The Vercors massif (; ) is a mountain range in eastern France consisting of rugged plateaus and mountains straddling the ''département in France, départements'' of Isère and Drôme in the French Prealps. It lies west of the Dauphiné Alps, from which it is separated by the rivers Drac (river), Drac and Isère (river), Isère. The cliffs at the massif's eastern limit face the city of Grenoble. Background Over time, various features of the complex geography have been recognised including, the Quatre Montagnes (four mountains), the Coulmes (gorges), the Vercors Drômois (Drome Vercors), the Hauts-Plateaux (high plateaus) and, in the foothills, Royans, Gervanne, Diois, and Trièves. The massif is sometimes called the "fortress". The movement of people tends to be between the massif and the surrounding plains rather than between the various parts of the massif itself. Until the mid twentieth century, the name ''Vercors'' was used to describe only the township of La Chapelle-en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Service Du Travail Obligatoire
The ' (STO; ) was the forced enlistment and deportation of hundreds of thousands of French workers to Nazi Germany to work as Forced labor in Germany during World War II, forced labour for the German war effort during World War II. The STO was created under laws and regulations of Vichy France, but it was used by Nazi Germany to compensate for its loss of manpower as it enlisted more and more soldiers for the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front. The German government promised that for every three French workers sent it would release one French prisoner of war (POW). Those requisitioned under the STO were accommodated in work camps on German soil. French forced laborers were the only nationality to have been required to serve by the laws of their own state rather than by German orders. This was an indirect consequence of the autonomy negotiated from the German administration by the Vichy government. A total of 600,000 to 650,000 French workers were sent to Germany betwee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbé Pierre
Abbé Pierre (born Henri Marie Joseph Grouès; 5 August 191222 January 2007) was a French Catholic priest. He was a member of the Resistance (France), Resistance during World War II and deputy of the Popular Republican Movement. In 1949, he founded the Emmaus (charity), Emmaus movement, with the goal of helping poor and homeless people. For years, he was one of the most popular figures in France. Allegations of sexual abuse of at least 57 women and children emerged in 2024 and 2025. Youth and education Grouès was born on 5 August 1912 in Lyon, France to a wealthy Catholic family of silk traders, the fifth of eight children. The writer and murderer Héra Mirtel was one of his aunts. He spent his childhood in Irigny, near Lyon. He was twelve when he met François Chabbey and went for the first time with his father to an Order circle, the brotherhood of the "''Hospitaliers veilleurs''" in which the mainly middle-class members would serve the poor by providing barber services. Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armistice Of Cassibile
The Armistice of Cassibile ( Italian: ''Armistizio di Cassibile'') was an armistice that was signed on 3 September 1943 by Italy and the Allies, marking the end of hostilities between Italy and the Allies during World War II. It was made public five days later. It was signed on September 3rd by Major-General Walter Bedell Smith for the Allies and Brigade-General Giuseppe Castellano for Italy. The armistice's signing took place at a summit in an Allied military camp at Cassibile, Sicily, which had recently been occupied by the Allies. The armistice was approved by both Victor Emmanuel III and Marshal Pietro Badoglio, who was serving as Prime Minister of Italy at the time. The signing of the armistice was kept secret on that day, and was announced to the media on September 8th. Nazi Germany responded by attacking Italian forces in Italy, southern France and the Balkans, and freeing Benito Mussolini on 12 September. The Italian forces were forcefully disbanded in the north an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
