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Generation Of The '30s
The Generation of the '30s () was a group of Greek writers, poets, artists, intellectuals, critics, and scholars who made their debut in the 1930s and introduced modernism in Greek art and literature. The Generation of the '30s is also cited as a social movement. The previous Medieval and post-Byzantine Greek eras, which glorified religion, Jesus, and the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, were rejected by modernism. Elements of surrealism and utopianism were introduced in efforts to renew contemporary literature. Most notable among the Generation of the ‘30s is Giorgos Seferis, a Greek poet of the 20th century who instigated the turning point into modernity with surrealism in his poetry. After the Balkan Wars and the disastrous Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), Greco-Turkish War of 1922, literature could no longer boast nationalistic aspirations of the previous generation. Thus, there was a need to establish a new dogma, or Greekness (), that would aestheticize Hellenocentric opi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modernism
Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and social issues were all aspects of this movement. Modernism centered around beliefs in a "growing Marx's theory of alienation, alienation" from prevailing "morality, optimism, and Convention (norm), convention" and a desire to change how "social organization, human beings in a society interact and live together". The modernist movement emerged during the late 19th century in response to significant changes in Western culture, including secularization and the growing influence of science. It is characterized by a self-conscious rejection of tradition and the search for newer means of cultural expressions, cultural expression. Modernism was influenced by widespread technological innovation, industrialization, and urbanization, as well as the cul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Population Exchange Between Greece And Turkey
The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey stemmed from the "Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey. It involved at least 1.6 million people (1,221,489 Greek Orthodox from Asia Minor, Eastern Thrace, the Pontic Alps and the Caucasus, and 355,000–400,000 Muslims from Greece), most of whom were forcibly made refugees and ''de jure'' denaturalized from their homelands. On 16 March 1922, Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs Yusuf Kemal Tengrişenk stated that " e Ankara Government was strongly in favour of a solution that would satisfy world opinion and ensure tranquillity in its own country", and that " was ready to accept the idea of an exchange of populations between the Greeks in Asia Minor and the Muslims in Greece". Eventually, the initial request for an exchange of population came from Eleftherios Venizelos in a letter he submitted to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikiforos Vrettakos
Nikiforos Vrettakos (; 1 January 1912 – 4 August 1991) was a Greek writer and poet. Biography Nikephoros Vrettakos was born in the village of Krokees, near Sparta, Laconia, but originated from Mani. He published his first collection of poems, ''Under Shadows and Lights'', in 1929, at the age of seventeen. That same year he moved to Athens to attend university, but left after a year to take a series of jobs as a clerk in various businesses. In 1937 he began a thirty-year career in the Greek Civil Service, also seeing combat service in the Greco-Italian War during this period. In 1967 he responded to the takeover of Greece by a military dictatorship by going into self-imposed exile in Switzerland and Italy, where he remained until returning to Greece in 1974. He also wrote a poem about Kostas Georgakis, the student who set himself ablaze in Genoa as a protest against the junta. Nikephoros Vrettakos was considered one of Greece's most important poets. He won a number of prizes a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giannis Ritsos
Yiannis Ritsos ( ; 1 May 1909 – 11 November 1990) was a Greece, Greek poet and communist and an active member of the Greek Resistance during World War II. While he disliked being regarded as a political poetry, political poet, he has been called "the great poet of the Greek left". Life Born to a well-to-do landowning family in Monemvasia, Ritsos suffered great losses as a child. The early deaths of his mother and eldest brother from tuberculosis, his father's struggles with a mental disease, and the economic ruin of his family marked Ritsos and affected his poetry. Ritsos himself was confined in a sanatorium for tuberculosis from 1927 to 1931. Literary start In 1934, Ritsos joined the Communist Party of Greece (KKE). He maintained a working-class circle of friends and published ''Tractor'' in 1934. Kostis Palamas, the well known and respected poet, impressed by his talent, praised him publicly. In 1935, he published ''Pyramids''; these two works sought to achieve a fragile ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lilika Nakos
Ioulia "Lilika" Nakos (also Nakou; ; February 24, 1904 – May 25, 1989) was a pioneering Greek journalist and writer. She has been described as one of the "grandes dames of modern Greek literature." According to scholar Deborah Tannen, she was "one of the first women writers of modern Greek prose and for many years the only woman in Greek journalism." Early life and education Ioulia Nakos, known by the nickname Lilika, was born in Athens in 1904, although her date of birth is somewhat disputed. Her father was , a member of parliament. Both her father and her mother, Eleni Papadopoulos, were from upper-class families, and she spent much of her childhood traveling around Europe. In 1911, Nakos moved to Geneva, Switzerland, with her mother. She studied at the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève and then the University of Geneva. Her youth in Geneva brought her into contact with the international pacifist left, which had a significant impact on her perspective throughout her li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andreas Embirikos
Andreas Embirikos (; ''Andréas Empeiríkos''; September 2, 1901 – August 3, 1975) was a Greek surrealist poet, writer, photographer, and one of the first Greek psychoanalysts. As a writer, he emerged from the Generation of the '30s and is considered one of the most important representatives of Greek surrealism. He studied psychoanalysis in France and was the first to practice it as a profession in Greece in the years 1935–1951. Out of his entire literary work, his first collection of poetry, titled '' Ypsikaminos'', stands out as the first purely surrealist Greek text. Among his prose works, his bold erotic novel '' The Great Eastern'' was completed over a period of several decades becoming the lengthiest modern Greek novel. Described as Embirikos' "lifework", It was received with both praise and criticism for its libertine nature and highly erotic content. A large part of Embirikos' work was published well after his death. Life Embirikos was born in 1901 in Bră ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Odysseas Elytis
Odysseas Elytis (; , pen name of Odysseas Alepoudelis, ; 2 November 1911 – 18 March 1996) was a Greek poet, man of letters, essayist and translator, regarded as the definitive exponent of romantic modernism in Greece and the world. He is one of the most praised poets of the second half of the twentieth century, with his ''Axion Esti'' "regarded as a monument of contemporary poetry". In 1979, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Biography Panayiotis Alepoudelis and his younger brother Thrasyboulos were both born in the village Kalamiaris of Panagiouthas of Lesbos. Their family had become well-established in the industries of soap manufacturing and olive oil production in Heraklion, Crete in 1895. In 1897 Panagyiotis married Maria E. Vrana (1880–1960) from the village Papados of Gera, Lesbos. From this union and as the last of six siblings, Odysseas was born in the early hours of 2 November 1911. In 1914, the Alepoudelis family moved to Athens (at Solonos 98B), w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rebetiko
Rebetiko (, ), plural rebetika ( ), occasionally transliterated as rembetiko or rebetico, is a term used to designate previously disparate kinds of urban Greek music which in the 1930s went through a process of musical syncretism and developed into a more distinctive musical genre. Rebetiko can be described briefly as the urban popular song of the Greeks, especially the poorest, from the late 19th century to the 1950s, and served as the basis for further developments in popular Greek music. The music, which was partly forgotten, was rediscovered during the so-called rebetika revival, which started in the 1960s and developed further from the early 1970s. In 2017 rebetiko was added in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. Definition and etymology The word (plural ) is an adjectival form derived from the Greek word (, ), which is construed to mean a person who embodies aspects of character, dress, behavior, morals and ethics associated with a particular subculture ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karagiozis
Karagiozis or Karaghiozis (Greek : Καραγκιόζης), ( ) is a shadow puppet and fictional character of Greek folklore. He is the main character of the traditional Greek shadow puppet theatre, which dates back to the Ottoman era. He is the Hellenized version of the Turkish character Karagöz, and is an important part of Greek cultural heritage and has influenced shadow puppet theatre in many regions. Origins Some believe that it originates from the island of Java where shadow puppet shows ( wayang kulit) were played already as early as in the 11th century and arrived in the Ottoman Empire via traders. The first Karagöz–Hacivat play was performed for Sultan Selim I (reigned 1512–1520) in Egypt after his conquest of the country in 1517, but 17th century writer Evliya Çelebi stated that it had been performed in the Ottoman palace as early as the reign of Bayezid I (reigned 1389–1402). In the 16th century, Ottoman Grand Mufti Muhammad Ebussuud el-İmadi issued a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spyros Vassiliou
Spyros Vassiliou (Greek language, Greek: Σπύρος Βασιλείου; June 16, 1903 – March 22, 1985) was a Greek painter, printmaker, illustrator, and stage designer. He became widely recognized for his work starting in the 1930s, when he received the Benaki Prize from the Athens Academy. The recipient of a Guggenheim Prize for Greece (in 1960), Spyros Vassiliou's works have been exhibited in galleries throughout Europe, in the United States, and Canada. Art The townsmen of Galaxidi, where Vassiliou was born, collected money to send him to Athens in 1921, to study at the Athens School of Fine Arts under teachers Alexandros Kaloudis and Nikolaos Lytras. In 1929, Vassiliou held his first individual exhibition, and in 1930 he was awarded the Benaki Prize for his design of Saint Dionysios Church in Kolonaki, Athens. During this time he was also a founding member of the art groups ”Techni" and "Stathmi". He represented Greece at the Venice Biennale in 1934 and 1964, exhibited i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas
Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas (; February 26, 1906 – September 3, 1994), also known as Nikos Ghika, was a leading Greek painter, sculptor, engraver, writer and academic. He was a founding member of the Association of Greek Art Critics, AICA-Hellas, International Association of Art Critics. He studied ancient and Byzantine art as well as folk art due to his adoration for the Greek landscape. During his youth he was exposed in Paris to the avant-garde European artistic trends and he gained recognition as the leading Greek cubist artist. His aim was to focus on the harmony and purity of Greek art and to deconstruct the Greek landscape and intense natural light into simple geometric shapes and interlocking planes. His works are featured in the National Gallery (Athens), the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, the Tate Gallery in London, the Metropolitan Museum of New York and in private collections worldwide. Biography Hadjikyriakos-Ghikas was born in Athens on 26 Febru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
