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G With Stroke
Ǥ (lowercase ǥ), referred to by Unicode as a G with stroke, is a letter used in alphabets for Skolt Sámi in Fennoscandia, Kiowa in North America, Kadiwéu in South America. The position of the stroke within the letter can vary, either due to the particular typeface being used, or due to a preference within the language's writing system (e.g., written Skolt Sami places the stroke lower than Kadiwéu does). In the Latin alphabet for Skolt Sámi, G with stroke denotes the voiced velar fricative . It is sometimes pronounced as a voiced velar approximant instead. It appears word-medially and word-finally, and often appears as a double letter ''ǥǥ'' to indicate that the sound is phonemically geminate, as in ''čååǥǥam'' "comb" or ''šiõǥǥ'' "good". It is also used in some orthographies for the Kiowa language, where it represents a voiceless but unaspirated velar stop (similar to the ''k'' sounds in English ''skate''). In Kadiwéu, G with stroke is used to represen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin G With Stroke - Stroke Through Descender Or Bowl
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area around Rome, Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. It has greatly influenced many languages, including English, having contributed many words to the English lexicon, particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest. Latin roots appear frequently in the technical vocabulary used by fields such as theology, the sciences, medicine, and law. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin. Vulgar Latin refers to the less prestigious colloquial registers, attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius. While often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiced Uvular Stop
The voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a small capital version of the Latin letter g, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is G\. is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars. Vaux proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve an advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular plosive. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur; several Northwest Caucasian languages The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Abkhazo-Circassian, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic languages (from Ancient Greek, ''pontos'', referring to the Bla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obsolete And Nonstandard Symbols In The International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is for standard . Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that they should be indicated with diacritics: for is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series has been dropped. Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese phonology have used to represent the sound of ''-i'' in Pinyin ''hanzi'' which has been variously described as , , or . (See the sections Standard Chinese phonology#Vowels, ''Vowels'' and Standard Chinese phonology#Syllabic consonants, ''Syllabic consonants'' of the article Standard Chinese phonology.) There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Velar Nasal
The voiced velar nasal, also known as eng, engma, or agma (from Greek 'fragment'), is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ''ng'' in English ''sing'' as well as ''n'' before velar consonants as in ''English'' and ''ink''. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol is similar to , the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to , the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. While almost all languages have and as phonemes, is rarer. Half of the 469 languages surveyed in had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. The velar nasal does not occur in many of the languages of the Americas, the Middle East, or the Caucasus, but it is ext ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Grammatical Treatise
The First Grammatical Treatise (, roughly: "first language studies writ act") is a 12th-century work on the phonology of the Old Norse or Old Icelandic language. It was given this name because it is the first of four grammatical works bound in the Icelandic manuscript '' Codex Wormianus''. The anonymous author is today often referred to as the "First Grammarian". Significance This work is one of the earliest written works in Icelandic (and in any North Germanic language). It is a linguistic work dealing with Old Norse, in the tradition of Latin and Greek grammatical treatises, generally dated to the mid-12th century. Hreinn Benediktsson was not able to narrow the time of writing more precisely than to 1125–1175. The First Grammatical Treatise is of great interest to the history of linguistics, since it systematically used the technique of minimal pairs to establish the inventory of distinctive sounds or phonemes in the Icelandic language, in a manner reminiscent of the methods ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nils Vibe Stockfleth
Nils Joachim Christian Vibe Stockfleth (11 January 1787 in Fredrikstad (town), Fredrikstad, Norway – 26 April 1866 in Sandefjord (town), Sandefjord) was a Norwegian cleric who was instrumental in the first development of the Northern Sámi orthography, written form of the Northern Sámi language. Stockfleth compiled a Norwegian-Sámi dictionary, wrote a Sámi grammar and translated a portion of the Bible into the Sámi languages, Sámi language. Education and early career His parents were Dean Niels Stockfleth (1756–1794) and his wife Anne Johanne Vibe (1753–1805). He was a student in Copenhagen from 1803 to 1804, when he was hired as an undersecretary in the Danske Kancelli, Danish Chancellery (). He attended lectures on law, and for a time he studied carpentry. In 1808 he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Danish Army; he took part in the Battle of Sehested (Schleswig-Holstein) during the War of the Sixth Coalition, Napoleonic Wars. After the Denmark-Norway union e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Sámi
Northern Sámi or North Sámi ( ; ; ; ; ; disapproved exonym Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely spoken of all Sámi languages. The area where Northern Sámi is spoken covers the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Geographic distribution The number of Northern Sámi speakers is estimated to be somewhere between 15,000 and 25,000. About 2,000 of these live in Finland and between 5,000 and 6,000 in Sweden, with the remaining portions being in Norway. Based on the highest estimates above of 18,000 speakers in Norway, and Statistics Norway estimating the total population of Norway to be 5,594,340 at the start of 2025, this gives the percentage of Northern Sámi speakers in Norway as approximately 0.32%. Similar calculations for Sweden and Finland give them as 0.05% and 0.03% respectively in those countries. History Among the first printed Sámi texts is ("Swedish and Lappish ABC book"), written in Swedish and what is likely a form of Northern Sámi. It was published ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Germanic
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic languages, Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from Germanic parent language, pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic branches during the fifth century BC to fifth century AD: West Germanic languages, West Germanic, East Germanic languages, East Germanic and North Germanic languages, North Germanic. North Germanic remained in language contact, contact with the other branches over a considerable time, especially with the Ingvaeonic languages (including History of English, English), which arose from West Germanic dialects, and had remained in contact with the Proto-Norse language, Norse. A defining feature of Proto-Germanic is the completion of the process described by Grimm's law, a set of sound changes that occurred between its status as a dialect of Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiced Uvular Fricative
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some Speech communication, spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , an inverted small uppercase letter , or in broad transcription if Rhotic consonant, rhotic. This consonant is one of the several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages. The voiced uvular approximant is also found Complementary distribution, interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as . Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the lowered (phonetics), downtack: , though some writings use a superscript , which is not an official IPA practice. For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative. Features Features of the voiced uvular fricative: In many languages it is closer to an approximant consonant, approximant, however, and no language disting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geminate
In phonetics and phonology, gemination (; from Latin 'doubling', itself from '' gemini'' 'twins'), or consonant lengthening, is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a singleton consonant. It is distinct from stress. Gemination is represented in many writing systems by a doubled letter and is often perceived as a doubling of the consonant.William Ham, ''Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Geminate Timing'', p. 1–18 Some phonological theories use 'doubling' as a synonym for gemination, while others describe two distinct phenomena. Consonant length is a distinctive feature in certain languages, such as Japanese. Other languages, such as Greek, do not have word-internal phonemic consonant geminates. Consonant gemination and vowel length are independent in languages like Arabic, Japanese, Hungarian, Malayalam, and Finnish; however, in languages like Italian, Norwegian, and Swedish, vowel length and consonant length are interdependent. Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unicode
Unicode or ''The Unicode Standard'' or TUS is a character encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized. Version 16.0 defines 154,998 Character (computing), characters and 168 script (Unicode), scripts used in various ordinary, literary, academic, and technical contexts. Unicode has largely supplanted the previous environment of a myriad of incompatible character sets used within different locales and on different computer architectures. The entire repertoire of these sets, plus many additional characters, were merged into the single Unicode set. Unicode is used to encode the vast majority of text on the Internet, including most web pages, and relevant Unicode support has become a common consideration in contemporary software development. Unicode is ultimately capable of encoding more than 1.1 million characters. The Unicode character repertoire is synchronized with Univers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiced Velar Approximant
The voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some Speech communication, spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is M\. The consonant is absent in English, but may be approximated by making but with the tongue body lowered or but with the lips apart. The voiced velar approximant can in many cases be considered the semivowel, semivocalic counterpart of the close back unrounded vowel . and with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different phonetic transcription, transcription systems to represent the same sound. In some languages, such as Spanish language, Spanish, the voiced velar approximant is an allophone of – see #Relation with [ɡ] and [ɣ], below. The symbol for the velar approximant originates from , but with a vertical line. Compare and for the labio-palatal approximant. Features Features of the voiced velar approximant: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
