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Foreign Battalions In The São Paulo Revolt Of 1924
The foreign battalions were three military units in the São Paulo Revolt of 1924 recruited from among immigrant communities by ''tenentist'' rebels in the city of São Paulo. 750 foreigners and their descendants, from a wide variety of nationalities, signed up; they were usually workers motivated by hunger and unemployment caused by the conflict. They formed the German, Hungarian and Italian battalions, in which even the commanders and officers were immigrants. The largest and most active battalion was the German one. A minority of its members were World War I veterans, contributing valuable skills to the rebels' war effort. Some were immediately employed in the fighting across the city, while others worked in the maintenance and creation of ordnance in workshops behind the front lines. Part of the combatants accompanied the rebels after their withdrawal from São Paulo, at the end of July 1924, and some joined the Miguel Costa-Prestes Column in the following years. The recr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
São Paulo Revolt Of 1924
The São Paulo Revolt of 1924 (), also called the Revolution of 1924 (), Movement of 1924 () or Second 5th of July () was a List of wars involving Brazil, Brazilian conflict with characteristics of a civil war, initiated by ''Tenentism, tenentist'' rebels to overthrow the government of president Artur Bernardes. From the city of São Paulo on 5 July, the revolt São Paulo Revolt of 1924 in the interior, expanded to the interior of the state and inspired other uprisings across Brazil. The Urban combat in the São Paulo Revolt of 1924, urban combat ended in a loyalist victory on 28 July. The rebels' withdrawal, until September, prolonged the rebellion into the Paraná Campaign. The conspiratorial nucleus behind the revolt consisted of Brazilian Army in the First Republic, army officers, veterans of the Copacabana Fort revolt, in 1922, who were joined by military personnel from the Military Police of São Paulo State, Public Force of São Paulo, sergeants and civilians, all enemies o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anarchism In Brazil
Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of the First Brazilian Republic. During the epoch of transatlantic migrations, mass migrations of European labourers at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, Anarchism, anarchist ideas started to spread, particularly amongst the country’s labour movement. Along with the labour migrants, many Italo-Brazilian, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and German political exiles arrived, many holding anarchist or Anarcho-syndicalism, anarcho-syndicalist ideas. Some did not come as exiles but rather as a type of political entrepreneur, including Giovanni Rossi (anarchist), Giovanni Rossi's anarchist Commune (intentional community), commune, the Cecília Colony, which lasted few years but at one point consisted of 200 individuals. The working conditions and the oligarchic political system of the First Republic, which made it difficult for workers to participate, meant that anarchism quickly gained s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mato Grosso Do Sul
Mato Grosso do Sul ( ) is one of Federative units of Brazil, Brazil's 27 federal units, located in the southern part of the Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West Region, bordering five Brazilian states: Mato Grosso (to the north), Goiás and Minas Gerais (northeast), São Paulo (state), São Paulo (east) and Paraná (state), Paraná (southeast); and two South America, South American countries: Paraguay (south and southwestern) and Bolivia (west). It is divided into 79 municipalities and covers an area of 357,145.532 square kilometers, which is about the same size as Germany. With a population of 2,839,188 inhabitants in 2021, Mato Grosso do Sul is the Federative units of Brazil, 21st most populous state in Brazil. Campo Grande is the capital and largest city of Mato Grosso do Sul. The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and cattle-raising. Crossed in the south by the Tropic of Capricorn, Mato Grosso do Sul generally has a warm, sometimes hot, and humid climate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
São Paulo (state)
São Paulo (, ) is one of the Federative units of Brazil, 26 states of the Brazil, Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul of Tarsus. It is located in the Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast Region and is bordered by the states of Minas Gerais to the north and northeast, Paraná (state), Paraná to the south, Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro to the east and Mato Grosso do Sul to the west, in addition to the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. It is divided into List of municipalities in São Paulo, 645 municipalities. The total area is km2, which is equivalent to 2.9% of Brazil's surface, being slightly larger than the United Kingdom. Its capital is the São Paulo, municipality of São Paulo. With more than 44 million inhabitants in 2022, São Paulo is the Federative units of Brazil#List, most populous Brazilian state (around 22% of the Brazilian population), the List of first-level administrative divisions by population, world's 28th-mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botucatu
Botucatu is a city in the southeastern region of Brazil and is located from São Paulo, the capital of the state of São Paulo. It has an estimated population of 148,130 (as of 2020) in an area of . It lies on the top of a plateau ( high). Botucatu became a village in 1855, and a city in 1876. The region has humid-subtropical weather, with dry, cold winters and hot, wet summers. During winter the temperature rarely falls below . During most of the year, mainly at night, a breeze blowing over São Paulo plateau, from which Botucatu elevates about , cools the city and surroundings; this cold everyday wind from the high plateaus is where the city got its name from. Botucatu's biggest employer is UNESP, one of the three São Paulo state universities, one of the top universities in all of Latin America and part of several World Top Universities list, making the city an important center for medical research and education. In particular, the city has two campuses, one centered on biome ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperial German Army
The Imperial German Army (1871–1919), officially referred to as the German Army (), was the unified ground and air force of the German Empire. It was established in 1871 with the political unification of Germany under the leadership of Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia, and was dissolved in 1919, after the defeat of the German Empire in World War I (1914–1918). In the Federal Republic of Germany, the term refers to the German Army, the land component of the . Formation and name The states that made up the German Empire contributed their armies; within the German Confederation, formed after the Napoleonic Wars, each state was responsible for maintaining certain units to be put at the disposal of the Confederation in case of conflict. When operating together, the units were known as the German Federal Army, Federal Army (). The Federal Army system functioned during List of wars: 1800–1899, various conflicts of the 19th century, such as the First Schleswig War from 1848 to 1852. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
São Paulo Railway Company
The São Paulo Railway Company (SPR, nickname ''Ingleza'', transl.: ''The English'') was a privately owned British railway company in Brazil, which operated the gauge railway from the seaport at Santos, São Paulo, Santos via São Paulo to Jundiaí. The company was nationalised in 1946 and became the Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí. The São Paulo Railway consists of three parts: * The long adhesion railway at the coast from Santos to Piaçaguera near Cubatão * The long Grade (slope), steep grade from Piaçaguera to Paranapiacaba * The Rail adhesion, adhesion railway on the plateau from Paranapiacaba via São Paulo to Jundiaí Three different systems were used to climb the steep grade between Piaçaguera and Paranapiacaba: * A four section cable railway with stationary steam engines, in use from 1867 till 1970, called ''Serra Velha'', transl.: ''Old Mountain'' * A five section cable railway with stationary steam engines, in use from 1901 till 1982, called ''Serra Nova'', tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renault FT
The Renault FT (frequently referred to in post-World War I literature as the FT-17, FT17, or similar) is a French light tank that was among the most revolutionary and influential tank designs in history. The FT was the first production tank to have its armament within a fully rotating turret.Although a rotating turret had been a feature of some earlier tank designs or prototypes, and had been incorporated in Armored car (military), armoured cars for several years, no tank with a turret had entered service. The Renault FT's configuration (crew compartment at the front, engine compartment at the back, and main armament in a revolving turret) became and remains the standard tank layout. Consequently, some armoured warfare historians have called the Renault FT the world's first modern tank. Over 3,000 Renault FT tanks were manufactured by France, most of them in 1918. After World War I, FT tanks were exported in large numbers. Copies and derivative designs were manufactured in the Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patriotic Battalions
In Brazil's military history, Patriotic Battalions () were irregular paramilitary forces, usually made up of civilian volunteers, mobilized in times of crisis. pp. 80-81; 209. pp. 44-45. They were created by local chiefs and could be paid by the chiefs or by the government. Their combat effectiveness was variable. The battalions of the countryside colonels were not adapted to conventional warfare, artillery and, outside of the Pampas, cavalry. On the other hand, they were effective in a typically Brazilian and hinterland guerrilla. pp. 79; 85-87; 92; 127. History Their origins date back to the black troops of Henrique Dias and indigenous troops of Filipe Camarão in the Pernambuco Insurrection, during the 17th century. Patriotic battalions fought in the Brazilian War of Independence (1822–1825). In Bahia, the whole society took part in the fight. In the following decades, "patriotic battalions" participated in the Bahia Independence Festival, in Salvador, similar to Carn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communism In Brazil
Communism in Brazil has existed at least as early as the 1920s. The movement has given rise to various leftist factions and uprisings. It has been embodied in social movements and various political parties and in the intellectual works of various Marxist authors. Currently, there are seven officially registered Political party, political parties in Brazil that claim to be Communism, communist or communist-adjacent: Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), Workers' Cause Party (PCO), Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL), United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU), Workers' Party (Brazil), Workers' Party (PT) and Popular Unity (Brazil), Popular Unity (UP). Additionally, several communist parties in Brazil have their own youth wings: for example, PCB's Young Communist Union (, UJC); PCdoB's Socialist Youth Union (Brazil), Socialist Youth Union (, UJS); and PSTU's Rebellion–Socialist Revolution Youth () There are also multiple communist parties that have not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Real (old)
The first official currency of Brazil was the real (pronounced ; pl. ''réis''), with the symbol Rs$. As the currency of the Portuguese empire, it was in use in Brazil from the earliest days of the colonial period, and remained in use until 1942, when it was replaced by the cruzeiro. The name "real" was resurrected in 1994 for the new currency unit (but with the new plural form "reais"). This currency is still in use. One modern real is equivalent to 2.75 × 1018 (2.75 quintillion) of the old ''réis''. The name comes from the Portuguese word ''real'' (in the sense of "royal" or "regal") and was borrowed from a Portuguese currency previously used in Brazil. The dollar-like sign in the currency's symbol (and in the symbols of all other Brazilian currencies), called '' cifrão'' in Portuguese, was always written with two vertical strokes () rather than one. History The Portuguese real was the currency used by the first Portuguese settlers to arrive in the Americas, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bombing Of São Paulo
The bombing of São Paulo, which took place during the São Paulo Revolt of 1924, was the largest Barrage (artillery), artillery and Airstrike, air attack in São Paulo's History of the city of São Paulo, history. From 5 to 28 July 1924, rebel and loyalist forces used bombing in their Urban combat in the São Paulo Revolt of 1924, fight for the city; the rebels had up to 26 artillery pieces from the Brazilian Army in the First Republic, Brazilian Army, while the loyalists had more than a hundred guns and six bombers from the Brazilian Army Aviation (1919–1941), Army Aviation. Artillery, and especially loyalist artillery, was largely responsible for the conflict's casualties, most of whom were civilians. The rebels had the artillery advantage in the early days and had been firing since the morning of 5 July. From positions such as Campo de Marte Airport, Campo de Marte and Cemitério do Araçá, they aimed their Krupp 7.5 cm Model 1903, 75 and 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, 105&n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
