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Eurosta Solidaginis
The goldenrod gall fly (''Eurosta solidaginis''), also known as the goldenrod ball gallmaker, is a species of fly native to North America. The species is best known for the characteristic galls it forms on several species in the ''Solidago'', or goldenrod, genus. The fly's eggs are inserted near the developing buds of the plant. After hatching, the larvae migrate to an area below the plant's developing buds, where they then induce the plant's tissues to form into the hardened, bulbous chamber referred to as a gall. ''E. solidaginis''’s interactions with its host plant(s) and insect, as well as avian, predators have made it the centerpiece of much ecological and evolutionary biology research, and its tolerance of freezing temperatures has inspired studies into the anti-freeze properties of its biochemistry. Taxonomy ''Eurosta solidaginis'' is in the order Diptera and the family Tephritidae. The Tephritidae are commonly referred to as fruit flies, a common name they share with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asa Fitch
Asa Fitch (February 24, 1809 – April 8, 1879) was a natural historian and entomologist from Salem, New York. His early studies were of both natural history and medicine, which he studied at the newly formed Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1827. However, in 1838 he decided to start studying agriculture and entomology. In 1838 he began to collect and study insects for New York state. In 1854 he became the first professional entomologist of New York State Agricultural Society (commissioned by the State of New York). This made him the first occupational entomologist in the United States. His vast studies of many insects helped scientists to solve some of the problems of crop damage caused by insects. Many of his notebooks are now the property of the Smithsonian Institution. Fitch also discovered the rodent botfly ''Cuterebra emasculator'' in 1856. He died April 8, 1879, in Salem, New York. The Martin–Fitch House and Asa Fitch Jr. Laboratory was added to the Nat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurytoma Obtusiventris
''Eurytoma obtusiventris'' is a parasitoid of ''Eurosta solidaginis''. It can be found in North America. The wasp attacks after oviposition but prior to the formation of a gall. ''Eurytoma obtusiventris'' prompts the ''Eurosta solidaginis'' larvae to create a pupa A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ..., which the wasp will use after consuming its host. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q13628658 Hymenoptera of North America Parasitic wasps Insects described in 1934 Eurytomidae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diptera Of North America
Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000 species including horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described. Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great maneuverability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis; the eggs are often laid on the la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tephritinae
The Tephritinae are a subfamily of tephritid fruit flies. Systematics The Tephritinae are grouped into 11 tribes: * Acrotaeniini: 99 species, 10 genera: ::'' Acrotaenia'', '' Acrotaeniacantha'', '' Acrotaeniostola'', '' Baryplegma'', '' Caenoriata'', ''Euarestopsis'', ''Neotaracia'', ''Polionota'', '' Pseudopolionota'', '' Tetreuaresta'' and '' Tomoplagia''. * Cecidocharini: 41 species, 8 genera: ::'' Cecidocharella'', '' Cecidochares'', '' Hetschkomyia'', '' Neorhagoletis'', '' Ostracocoelia'', ''Procecidochares'', '' Procecidocharoides'' and ''Pyrgotoides''. * Dithrycini: 103 species, 12 genera: ::'' Dithryca'', '' Aciurina'', '' Eurosta'', ''Valentibulla'', '' Liepana'', ''Oedaspis'', ''Oedoncus'', ''Peronyma'', ''Ptiloedaspis'', ''Xenodorella'', ''Hendrella'' and ''Placaciura''. * Eutretini: 96 species, 16 genera: ::'' Afreutreta'', ''Cosmetothrix'', ''Cryptotreta'', '' Dictyotrypeta'', ''Dracontomyia'', ''Eutreta'' (subgenera ''Eutreta'', '' Metatephritis'' and '' Setosi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osmosis
Osmosis (, ) is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of low water potential (region of higher solute concentration), in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. It may also be used to describe a physical process in which any solvent moves across a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations. Osmosis can be made to do work. Osmotic pressure is defined as the external pressure required to be applied so that there is no net movement of solvent across the membrane. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, meaning that the osmotic pressure depends on the molar concentration of the solute but not on its identity. Osmosis is a vital process in biological systems, as biological membranes are semiperm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquaporins
Aquaporins, also called water channels, are channel proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells. The cell membranes of a variety of different bacteria, fungi, animal and plant cells contain aquaporins through which water can flow more rapidly into and out of the cell than by diffusing through the phospholipid bilayer. Aquaporins have six membrane-spanning alpha helical domains with both carboxylic and amino terminals on the cytoplasmic side. Two hydrophobic loops contain conserved asparagine-proline-alanine ("NPA motif") which form a barrel surrounding a central pore-like region that contains additional protein density. Because aquaporins are usually always open and are prevalent in just about every cell type, this leads to a misconception that water readily passes through the cell membrane down its concentration gradient. Water can pass through the cell membr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycerol
Glycerol (), also called glycerine in British English and glycerin in American English, is a simple triol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. The glycerol backbone is found in lipids known as glycerides. Because it has antimicrobial and antiviral properties, it is widely used in wound and burn treatments approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Conversely, it is also used as a bacterial culture medium. It can be used as an effective marker to measure liver disease. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pharmaceutical formulations. Because of its three hydroxyl groups, glycerol is miscible with water and is hygroscopic in nature. Structure Although achiral, glycerol is prochiral with respect to reactions of one of the two primary alcohols. Thus, in substituted derivatives, the stereospecific numbering labels the molecule with a "sn-" prefix before the stem name of the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sorbitol
Sorbitol (), less commonly known as glucitol (), is a sugar alcohol with a sweet taste which the human body metabolizes slowly. It can be obtained by reduction of glucose, which changes the converted aldehyde group (−CHO) to a primary alcohol group (−CH2OH). Most sorbitol is made from potato starch, but it is also found in nature, for example in apples, pears, peaches, and prunes. It is converted to fructose by sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase. Sorbitol is an isomer of mannitol, another sugar alcohol; the two differ only in the orientation of the hydroxyl group on carbon 2.Kearsley, M. W.; Deis, R. C. Sorbitol and Mannitol. In Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology; Ames: Oxford, 2006; pp 249-249-261. While similar, the two sugar alcohols have very different sources in nature, melting points, and uses. As an over-the-counter drug, sorbitol is used as a laxative to treat constipation. Synthesis Sorbitol may be synthesised via a glucose reduction reaction in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurosta Solidaginis Ptilinum
''Eurosta'' is a genus of gall maker flies in the family Tephritidae (known as fruit flies in North America and picture wing flies in Europe). There are seven species in the genus, all in North America. Species *'' E. comma'' ( Wiedemann, 1830) *'' E. cribrata'' ( Wulp, 1867) *'' E. fenestrata'' Snow Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes. It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout ..., 1894 *'' E. floridensis'' Foote, 1977 *'' E. lateralis'' ( Wiedemann, 1830) *'' E. latifrons'' ( Loew, 1862) *'' E. solidaginis'' ( Fitch, 1855) References Tephritinae Tephritidae genera Taxa named by Hermann Loew Diptera of North America {{Tephritinae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trirhabda
''Trirhabda'' is a genus of skeletonizing leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle .... There are more than 30 described species in ''Trirhabda''. They are found in North America and Mexico. Species These 33 species belong to the genus ''Trirhabda'': * '' Trirhabda adela'' Blake, 1931 * '' Trirhabda aenea'' Jacoby, 1886 * '' Trirhabda attenuata'' (Say, 1824) * '' Trirhabda bacharidis'' (Weber, 1801) (groundselbush beetle) * '' Trirhabda borealis'' Blake, 1931 * '' Trirhabda caduca'' Horn, 1893 * '' Trirhabda canadensis'' (Kirby, 1837) (goldenrod leaf beetle) * '' Trirhabda confusa'' Blake, 1931 * '' Trirhabda convergens'' J. L. LeConte, 1865 * '' Trirhabda diducta'' Horn, 1893 * '' Trirhabda eriodictyonis'' Fall, 1907 * '' Trirhabda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mordellistena Unicolor
''Mordellistena unicolor'' is a species of beetle in the genus '' Mordellistena'' of the family Mordellidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1862. Larvae feed on gall tissue of the goldenrod gall fly The goldenrod gall fly (''Eurosta solidaginis''), also known as the goldenrod ball gallmaker, is a species of fly native to North America. The species is best known for the characteristic galls it forms on several species in the ''Solidago'', or ... and often consume the fly larvae within the gall as well. o References Beetles described in 1862 unicolor {{Mordellistena-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eurytoma Gigantea
''Eurytoma'' is a genus of parasitoid chalcid wasps in the family Eurytomidae. There are at least 620 described species in ''Eurytoma''. File:Eurytoma gigantea.jpg, ''E. gigantea'' larva File:Eurytoma male.jpg, ''Eurytoma'' sp. adult male File:Eurytoma gigantea female.jpg, ''E. gigantea'', adult female See also * List of Eurytoma species This is a list of 621 species in the genus ''Eurytoma ''Eurytoma'' is a genus of parasitoid chalcid wasps in the family Eurytomidae The Eurytomidae are a family within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Unlike most chalcidoids, the larvae of man ... References Further reading * * * Parasitic wasps Eurytomidae {{chalcidoidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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