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Estonian Government-in-exile
The Estonian government-in-exile was the formally declared governmental authority of the Republic of Estonia in exile, existing from 1944 until the reestablishment of Estonian sovereignty over Estonian territory in 1991. It traced its legitimacy through constitutional succession to the last Estonian government in power prior to the June 1940 Soviet invasion and occupation of the country. During its existence, it was the internationally recognized government of Estonia. Background The Soviet Armed Forces invaded and occupied Estonia on 16–17 June 1940. Soviet authorities arrested President Konstantin Päts and deported him to the USSR where he died in prison in 1956. Many members of the current and past governments were deported or executed, including eight former heads of state and 38 ministers. Those who survived went underground. Sham elections were held on 14–15 July 1940 for a "People's ''Riigikogu''," in which voters were presented with a single list dominated by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Government-in-exile
A government-in-exile (GiE) is a political group that claims to be the legitimate government of a sovereign state or semi-sovereign state, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually plan to one day return to their native country and regain formal power. A government in exile differs from a rump state in the sense that the latter controls at least part of its remaining territory. For example, during World War I, nearly all of Belgium was occupied by Germany, but Belgium and its allies held on to a small slice in the country's west. A government in exile, in contrast, has lost all its territory. However, in practice, the distinction may be unclear; in the above example, the Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse was located in French territory and acted as a government in exile for most practical purposes. Governments-in-exile and associated organisations employ strategies such as investigative reporting and diasp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
1940 Estonian Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 14 and 15 July 1940 alongside simultaneous elections in Latvia and Lithuania. The elections followed the Soviet occupation of the three countries. As was the case in Latvia and Lithuania, the elections in Estonia were blatantly rigged. They were also unconstitutional, since only seats for the lower chamber of the Riigikogu, the Chamber of Deputies (), were contested; the upper chamber, the National Council, had been dissolved and was never reconvened. According to August Rei, one of independent Estonia's last envoys to Moscow, under the Estonian constitution, the Chamber of Deputies had "no legislative power" apart from the National Council. The Estonian Working People's Union, a Communist front group, was the only party allowed to run and won all 80 seats, allegedly with 93% of the votes cast and the remaining 7% having been declared invalid. The newly elected declared the Estonian SSR on 21 July and requested admission to the So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Flag Of Estonia
The national flag of Estonia () is a tricolour (flag), tricolour featuring three equal horizontal triband (flag), bands of blue at the top, black in the centre, and white at the bottom. The flag is called () in Estonian. The tricolour was already in wide use as the symbol of the nation, when the Republic of Estonia became an Estonian Declaration of Independence, independent country in 1918. Formally, the tricolour became the national flag by the decision of the Estonian Provisional Government, Estonian government on 21 November 1918, and the Riigikogu, parliament later reconfirmed the flag's official status with a law in 1922. During World War II, soon after the Soviet Union, Soviet army had invaded and occupied Estonia in June 1940, the new Stalinist occupation regime banned the Estonian flag, and its use as well as any use of its blue, black and white colour combination became punishable by laws of the Soviet Union. The Estonian flag was from 1940 until 1991 continuously used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Toompea
Toompea (from , "Cathedral Hill") is a hill in the central part of Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. The hill has an area of and is about 20–30 metres higher than the surrounding areas. Toompea is part of the medieval Tallinn Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Toompea is the site of the Government of Estonia and the ''Riigikogu'' (parliament), both of which are often simply referred to as ''Toompea''. The parliament meets in the Toompea Castle which is situated in the southwestern corner of the hill and topped by the Pikk Hermann ("Tall Hermann") tower. The flag on the top of the tower is one of the best-known symbols in Estonia of the government in force. Toompea first emerged as an island from the Baltic Ice Lake around 10,000 years ago. Due to steady post-glacial rebound it became connected with the mainland during the early Littorina Sea stage. At 5,000 BCE the sea still reached the foot of the cliffs of Toompea. The modern coastline is at a distance of more tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Supreme Court Of Estonia
The Supreme Court of Estonia () is the court of last resort in Estonia. It is both a court of cassation and a constitutional court. The courthouse is in Tartu. History During the first independence period (1919-1940) With the First Constitution of Estonia and the Supreme Court Act, the Estonian Constituent Assembly established the Supreme Court of Estonia as a court of cassation on 21 October 1919. The first Justices of the Court were Kaarel Parts (Chief Justice), Paul Beniko, Rein Koemets, Jaan Lõo, Hugo Reiman, Martin Taevere and Peeter Puusepp. The Court first sat in Tartu Town Hall on 14 January 1920. During the centralisation of power in 1935, the Supreme Court was transferred to Tallinn, operating from a specially remodelled building on Wismari Street. When the Court last sat on 31 December 1940, it accepted an order by the government of the Estonian SSR to disband itself as of 1 January 1941. Soviet occupation (1940-1991) The Supreme Court of the Estonian SSR ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Mihkel Klaassen
Mihkel Klaassen (24 February 1880 – 7 March 1952) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Estonia since 1924. Klaassen was a member of the Electoral Committee () that decided the Soviet-era appointment of Johannes Vares as prime minister by Konstantin Päts had been illegal and stated, that Jüri Uluots is prime minister acting as President of the Estonian Republic on April 20, 1944. Lauri Mälksoo, ''Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law'', Nordic Journal of International Law, Volume 69, Number 3 / March, 2000 He was the father of Professor Olaf-Mihkel Klaassen of Tartu University The University of Tartu (UT; ; ) is a Public university, public research university located in the city of Tartu, Estonia. It is the national university of Estonia. It is also the largest and oldest university in the country. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Alfred Maurer (politician)
Alfred Maurer (2 December 1888 Tallinn - 20 September 1954 Stockholm) was an Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...n lawyer and politician. He was a member of I Riigikogu. He was a member of the Riigikogu since 6 December 1922. He replaced Sergei Andrejev. References 1888 births 1954 deaths Politicians from Tallinn People from Kreis Harrien Farmers' Assemblies politicians Members of the Riigikogu, 1920–1923 Members of the Riiginõukogu 20th-century Estonian lawyers Estonian World War II refugees Estonian emigrants to Sweden {{Estonia-1938-Riigikogu-politician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Otto Pukk
Otto Pukk (29 November 1900 Loona, Saare County – 14 February 1951 Stockholm) was an Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...n politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Estonian National Assembly and III, V and VI Riigikogu. Since 1939 he was the chairman of VI Riigikogu (Riigivolikogu). References 1900 births 1951 deaths Politicians from Saaremaa Parish People from Kreis Ösel Farmers' Assemblies politicians Patriotic League (Estonia) politicians Members of the Riigikogu, 1926–1929 Members of the Riigikogu, 1932–1934 Members of the Estonian National Assembly Members of the Riigivolikogu University of Tartu alumni Estonian military personnel of the Estonian War of Independence Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 1st Class Es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Johan Holberg
Johan Holberg (20 February 1893 – 8 April 1978, Chicago) was an Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...n politician. From 1927 to 1928, he was minister of commerce and industry. After the Second World War, he lived in Toronto, Canada, as prime minister of the Estonian government in exile. References 1893 births 1978 deaths People from Tori Parish Politicians from Pärnu County People from Kreis Pernau Estonian Lutherans Farmers' Assemblies politicians Government ministers of Estonia Members of the Riigikogu, 1923–1926 Members of the Riigikogu, 1926–1929 Members of the Riigikogu, 1929–1932 Members of the Riigikogu, 1932–1934 Members of the Estonian National Assembly Members of the Riiginõukogu Saint Petersburg State University alumni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Otto Tief
Otto Tief ( – 5 March 1976) was an Estonian politician, military commander, and a lawyer. Tief was the acting prime minister of the last government of EstoniaThe Otto Tief government and the fall of Tallinn 22 September 1944: From one occupation to another before Soviet troops occupied in the Second Wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Kaarel Liidak
Kaarel Liidak (until 1936 Karl Liidemann, 12 November 1889 Sindi – 16 January 1945 Karksi-Nuia) was an Estonian agronomist, agriculture minister and politician, member and chairman of the National Committee of the Republic of Estonia from March to August 1944. Recognition *1936 – Honorary Member of the Estonian Agronomic Society *1938 – 3rd class Order of the White Star References * Aksel Mark, "Kaarel Liidak. Tema tööst ja ideoloogiast" – Eesti Agronoomide Selts Rootsis toimetis, Uppsala 1985, nr 4; ilmunud ka eraldi trükisena, eessõna Kaarel Vahtras, 40 lk, sisaldab bibliograafiat * Kaarel Liidak, "Maaseaduse aastapäeval". Järelsõna: Jaan Lepajõe, "Kaarel Liidak eesti rahvusliku ideoloogia arendajana". Lisa: Maaseadus – Akadeemia 1989, nr 7, lk 1374–88 * Ülo Oll, "Kaarel Liidaku elukäigust" – ajakiri Agraarteadus 1990, nr 1 * Jaan Lepajõe, "Professor Kaarel Liidak eesti rahvusliku ideoloogina" – samas * Meinhard Karelson, "Kaarel Liidak Eesti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
German Occupation Of Estonia During World War II
In the course of Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany invaded Estonia in July–December 1941, and occupied the country until 1944. Estonia had gained Estonian War of Independence, independence in 1918 from the then-warring German Empire, German and Russian Empires. However, in the wake of the August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Nazi-Soviet Pact, the Soviet Union had Occupation of the Baltic states, invaded and occupied Estonia in June 1940, and the country was formally annexed into the USSR in August 1940. In the summer of 1941, the German invaders were at first seen by most Estonians as liberators from Soviet terror, since the Germans arrived only a week after the June deportation, mass deportation of tens of thousands of people from Estonia and other territories Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), occupied by the USSR in 1939–1941: Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, eastern Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Nor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
